收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

外包与工资差距——基于工业行业数据的经验研究

本文首先检验了国际外包对我国熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力工资差距的影响.计量结果表明,与斯托尔帕-萨缪尔逊定理所揭示的相反,外包贸易降低了我国相对丰裕的非熟练劳动力的相对工资.微电子设备的使用也加大了对熟练劳动力的需求,进一步加大熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力的工资差距.为了检查是否是因为贸易形态的变化所导致的结果,我们进一步检...     

国际人口迁移、信贷约束与人力资本积累

本文以收入不平等与经济增长的关系为基础,在信贷市场不完全的条件下,进一步考察了熟练劳动力跨国迁移对发展中国家人力资本积累及经济增长的影响。分析显示,基于跨国移民的"教育激励"效应对发展中国家的人力资本积累及经济增长的影响在短期和长期存在差异。短期中,基于跨国移民的"教育激励"效应会减缓"人才流失"效应对发展中国家人力资本积累及经济增长的负面影响,甚至可能会提高发展中国家熟练劳动力的比重,从而促进人均收入水平的提高。长期中,当代际转移收敛于稳态水平时,国际人口迁移不再具有"教育激励"效应,而国际人口迁移的"人才流失"效应则会继续损害人力资本积累,从而对发展中国家的人均收入产生负面影响。     

去工业化对收入不平等的影响:机制分析与实证检验

基于126个国家1991-2017年的面板数据,考察了去工业化对收入不平等的影响。研究发现,去工业化会显著加剧收入不平等程度,这在发展中经济体尤为显著。从传导机制看,去工业化既可以通过劳动力就业转移直接影响收入不平等,也可通过非熟练劳动力就业和服务业部门就业分化间接影响收入不平等。一方面,去工业化导致非熟练劳动力受到更大冲击,致使该部分劳动力失业,加剧收入不平等;另一方面,去工业化导致非熟练劳动力的就业从工业的高薪部门转移至服务业的低薪部门,最终影响收入不平等。进一步研究发现,在可能存在"过早去工业化"的国家去工业化对收入不平等的作用更加明显。因此发展中经济体要着重预防由于去工业化可能带来的收入不平等程度恶化。     

熟练劳动力跨国移民、知识结构与经济增长

熟练劳动力跨国移民对于发展中国家人力资本投资的激励效应近年来被许多文献所强调,不过这些文献都忽略了这种激励效应对于人力资本结构的影响。本文通过区分人力资本的类型,构建了一个基于技术进步、知识结构和经济增长关系的模型,分析了熟练劳动力跨国移民对于移出国人力资本积累及经济增长的影响。分析显示,不同发展阶段的国家需要不同知识结构的人力资本,跨国移民的经济影响取决于移出国所处的阶段。在技术模仿阶段,跨国移民的激励效应会扭曲移出国人力资本积累的结构,从而延缓经济增长。只有到了技术创新阶段,这种激励效应对人力资本积累的扭曲才会消失。另外,目标国对熟练劳动力的移民"门槛"政策,会加重移出国人力资本积累的扭曲,进一步延缓其经济增长。     

关于中国劳动力工资、产业结构和收入差距的实证研究

本文基于GTAP模型,模拟了中国劳动力工资水平的外生上涨对社会贫富差距以及劳动密集型产业转移的影响。通过研究发现：非熟练劳动力密集型产业的普通工人工资的外生上涨无助于解决中国的收入差距问题,反而非熟练劳动力密集型产业在国际间的转移,会使中国有了更高的失业率,甚至有可能使收入差距扩大。     

我国企业的内生价值创造与劳动力市场配置效率——兼论企业“招工难”和大学生“就业难”

近年来,我国出现了企业"招工难"和大学生"就业难"的劳动力市场低配置效率现象。通过梳理企业内生价值创造、比较优势、资源禀赋可能存在的内在逻辑联系,文章论证了影响企业劳动需求的基础条件,指出劳动力市场低配置效率现象的原因是企业的内生价值创造非优,从而为透视我国劳动力市场用工问题开辟了另一个视角。     

FDI、人力资本门槛与就业——基于门槛效应的检验

本文从理论上分析了FDI影响劳动力就业的传导机制,并利用2002~2012年中国省际面板数据,以人力资本为门槛变量构建门槛回归模型,实证检验了FDI对我国高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力就业影响的门槛效应。研究结果表明:FDI对高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力就业的影响存在显著的人力资本门槛效应。在人力资本较低阶段,FDI会拉动低技能劳动力就业而抑制高技能劳动力就业;在中等人力资本阶段,FDI对高技能劳动力就业无显著影响,对低技能劳动力就业则有负影响;在高人力资本阶段,FDI会显著拉动高技能劳动力就业并抑制低技能劳动力就业。     

劳动力“极化”的经济效应分析——基于经济增长和收入不平等的双重视角北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章在国外劳动力极化的发展背景下,对我国改革开放以来劳动力就业极化和工资极化的发展趋势进行梳理,并探讨了劳动力极化对经济增长和收入不平等的影响方向和路径。研究结果表明:21世纪以来我国就业结构呈现出"N"型"极化升级"趋势,工资结构呈现出两端上升、中间塌陷的"U"型极化特点。从劳动力极化对经济增长的影响效应来看,高技能劳动力就业比重增加、技能偏向性技术进步与技能互补推动经济持续增长;以农民工为主要代表的低技能劳动力支撑了我国低成本工业化和城镇化的快速发展,但其难以给经济增长带来持久动力,最终产生阻碍作用。从劳动力极化对收入不平等的影响效应来看,高技能劳动力相对工资上涨导致收入差距扩大,但内生的技能供给增加会反向抑制收入差距扩大;低技能劳动力相对工资上升会缩小收入差距,但由于缺乏持续的工资上升动力,收入差距将又呈现扩大趋势。     

Do E‐verify mandates improve labor market outcomes of low‐skilled native and legal immigrant workers?

We examine the impact of the 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA) on employment outcomes of low‐skilled legal workers. We use the synthetic control method to select a group of states against which the labor market trends of Arizona can be compared. Our results suggest that contrary to its intent, LAWA does not appear to have improved labor market outcomes of legal low‐skilled workers who compete with unauthorized immigrants, the target of the legislation. In fact, we find some evidence of diminished employment and increased unemployment among legal low‐skilled workers in Arizona. These findings are concentrated on the largest demographic group of workers—non‐Hispanic white men. While they are less likely to find employment, those who do have on average higher earnings as a result of LAWA. The pattern of results points to both labor supply and labor demand contractions due to LAWA, with labor supply dominating in terms of magnitude.     

The effect of immigration quotas on the average quality of migrating labor and income distribution

In this paper, the authors develop "a simple two-country, single-period model to study the effect of quota restrictions on the composition of migrating labor. [They] have divided the migrant population in two general categories called high skilled and low skilled and have shown that free migration of any category of labor occurs if and only if the country's share of world resources is different from its share of the world labor endowment in that category." Two possible outcomes, given differing labor endowments and income differentials, are considered. The potential effect of illegal immigration is also noted. The authors conclude that their model "is applicable not only to 'brain drain' problems, but also to guest worker programs and/or the mass migration of low skilled workers from poor countries to rich countries."     

产业结构调整下的广州市技能人才需求预测分析

金融危机对广州的传统制造业产生了较大的冲击,调整产业结构,提升创新能力是当前摆脱危机,实现经济新一轮增长的重要途径。在此过程中,技能人才的供给是广州三次产业战略调整的直接制约因素。尤其随着广州产业结构调整节奏的逐步加快,其对技能人才的市场需求将与三次产业的产值结构相匹配而趋于刚性。因此,合理预测广州三次产业发展中对技能人才的需求,增加技能人才的供给能力,是广州产业结构调整中的重要问题。     

Inward FDI and demand for skills in manufacturing firms in Sweden

We observe a substantial increase in foreign ownership in Sweden in the 1990s. Did that have any effect on relative demand for skilled labor? Has technology transfers—often associated with inward FDI—led to an increased demand for skills due to skilled-biased technical change? Are there any grounds for the concerns in the public Swedish debate that more skilled activities have been moved to other countries where the headquarters are located? Estimating relative labor demand at the firm level and using propensity score matching with difference-in-difference estimation, we obtain support for that relative demand for skilled labor tend to rise in non-multinationals (non-MNEs)—but not in multinationals (MNEs)—that become foreign-owned. Other interesting findings are that larger presence of foreign MNEs in an industry appears to have a positive impact on the relative demand for skills in Swedish MNEs within the same industry and that the elasticity of substitution between skilled and less-skilled labor seems to be lower in MNEs than in non-MNEs.     

Unemployment information and wives’ labor supply responses to husbands’ job loss in Taiwan

Motivated by declining labor market opportunities in Taiwan, this study examines adjustments to wives' work patterns based on husbands' job loss for both unskilled and skilled labor families. Explicitly taking information acquired before job losses into account, married couples' dynamic labor supply equations are estimated by using a short pseudo-panel data set of Manpower Utilization Survey (MUS) in Taiwan during the period of 1993–2006. Our results indicate that the AWE in skilled families exhibits almost twice as big as those in unskilled families. When husbands' job loss is compounded with district- or industry-specific unemployment information, wives have slightly higher probabilities of labor force entry than those in the traditional model, and the probabilities increase with the length of observation. A comparison of the asymmetric response of the unskilled and the skilled wives suggests that facing husbands' job loss, unskilled wives respond to both economic downturns and upturns, but skilled wives only respond to economic downturns.     

技能型人力资本及其转化与积累路径探讨

随着技能型劳动在企业生产中的重要性逐渐提高,技能型人才市场变得越来越火热。然而,在当前我国企业技能型人才奇缺、人力资源开发迫在眉睫的情况下,确认技能型人力资本的性质与特点,明确技能型人力资本短缺的原因及转化积累模式具有重大现实意义。本文分析了高技能人才供需不平衡的原因,探讨了技能型人力资本转化与积累的途径。     

Free trade and income redistribution in some developing and newly industrialized countries

A competitive general equilibrium model of production is specified and the long-run comparative static elasticities of changing prices on factor prices are examined in eight developing and newly industrialized countries. Unskilled labor in these developing countries stands to gain from a program of global free trade characterized by increased manufacturing exports and falling prices of imported business services, while capital owners and skilled labor lose. Results are contrasted with developed countries, the United States in particular, where unskilled labor will lose while capital and skilled labor enjoy gains with global free trade.     

Investment incentives and the relative demand for skilled labor: Evidence from accelerated depreciation policies in China

This study evaluates the effects of China's 2014 and 2015 accelerated depreciation policies on the relative demand of firms for skilled labor. We develop a simple model to explore how the policies affect the relative demand of firms for skilled labor and illustrate the roles of financing constraints and tax compliance in mediating the policy effects. We then employ a firm-level dataset from China's A-share listed companies and use a quasi-experimental design to examine the model predictions. We find that the policies significantly increase the relative demand of firms for skilled labor. The channels underlying the policy effects are that the policies generate additional cash flow for firms, stimulate investment and, thus, raise the demand of firms for skilled labor with the presence of capital–skill complementarity. We also find that the positive effects of the policies on the relative demand for skilled labor are primarily significant for firms with strong financing constraints and high tax compliance. Moreover, we document the positive effects of the policies on R&D investment, firm value added, productivity, workers' benefits, and corporate social responsibility performance, which further corroborate our main results.     

生产者服务业FDI与东道国工资差距:理论与实证

本文从理论和实证两个角度,阐述并验证了生产者服务业FDI对东道国熟练与非熟练工人的工资差距的影响。通过一个将生产者服务作为中间投入的两部门理论模型,我们发现,生产者服务业FDI使得服务品种增加,并造成熟练工人从一般制造业部门流向服务(或高技术)部门,导致熟练工人工资上升而非熟练工人工资下降。本文选取上海市的数据,建立了4个回归模型进行实证检验。结果表明,生产者服务业FDI对熟练与非熟练工人的工资差距会产生直接而显著的扩大作用,但是它同时能通过其他解释变量,如人均GDP、人均人力资本、第三产业就业率以及第二产业的全员劳动生产率对工资差距产生间接的收缩作用。最后,本文针对回归结果得出了相应的结论和启示。