人民币实际汇率与中国对外贸易的关系——基于1973-2001年数据的实证分析

本文用协整分析、Granger因果性检验等实证分析方法研究了1973-2001年人民币实际汇率与中国对外贸易之间的关系。分析结果显示在这段时间内,人民币实际汇率与中国对外贸易之间存在着长期的均衡关系。本文认为,这种均衡关系的存在从一个侧面表明人民币汇率的变化和调整是适应中国对外贸易发展需要的。     

贸易引力模型对中国双边贸易的实证检验和政策含义

贸易引力模型是对国际贸易进行实证分析的重要方法。本文以传统的贸易引力模型为基础,考虑中国国情,合理增减解释变量,建立适合中国双边贸易的引力模型。通过对该模型的实证检验和政策含义的分析得出;GDP、空间距离、国土面积和APEC是影响中国双边贸易的主要变量;在对外贸易依存度过高和贸易发展潜力有限的情况下,中国当前应该充分利用国内资源禀赋,深化国内贸易,同时积极调整贸易政策,改善贸易结构。     

汇率制度改革以来实际汇率升值对中美贸易影响的实证研究

人民币汇改是一次制度性的变革,在作实证分析时,不能用跨不同制度的数据来解释汇改后的汇率波动对贸易的影响。因此,本文采用人民币汇率制度改革以来的月度数据和Johansen协整检验等计量分析方法,分别对人民币实际汇率如何影响中国对美出口和进口作了实证分析。通过分析发现,人民币实际汇率升值对改善中美贸易收支平衡状况存在显著影响。     

贸易自由化与收入不平等——基于中国的经验研究

本文通过理论模型与现代计量经济学的研究方法,对中国贸易自由化与收入不平等之间的关系进行了实证分析,力图验证二者之间的因果关系。Granger因果关系的检验的结果显示,以基尼系数表示的中国收入差距的扩大与以对外贸易依存度表示的贸易自由化程度之间存在着长期稳定的关系。并且取滞后期为1时,贸易自由化水平是收入不平等程度的Granger原因。最后本文还进一步分析了贸易自由化影响收入不平等的主要途径,以期引起有关部门的重视,从贸易的角度去采取一些措施缓解收入分配的不平等。     

印度实际有效汇率波动对产业-就业结构影响的研究

近年来,印度经济发展迅速,对外贸易依存度不断上升,实际汇率波动对产业结构调整的影响不可小觑.文章从实际有效汇率角度,通过协整检验和脉冲响应方程的方法对实际有效汇率对印度产业一就业结构的影响进行了实证分析.总体上来看,印度卢比的实际有效汇率的提升在长期内提升了印度第二产业的比重并增加了该产业的就业人数,短期内对第三产业有负面影响,但是长期内依然有正的效应.总体来看,印度卢比的升值对改善其产业结构作用有限.     

中美贸易不平衡中的宏观经济因素:基于结构VAR模型的实证研究

本文在实际经济周期理论框架下研究中美两国的实际产出、实际汇率和贸易收支之间的相互关系,并利用结构VAR模型进行实证分析,从而找出决定中美贸易不平衡的宏观经济因素。实证结果发现:中美贸易不平衡最主要原因是美国国内过度膨胀的需求,其对两国不平衡的影响程度最大并且持续时间最长,同时,人民币对美元汇率的贬值也是导致不平衡的原因,但它的影响却十分有限。本文最后对中美贸易不平衡的调整提出了政策建议。     

人民币对美元实际汇率变化:巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应还是一价定律偏离?

对人民币实际汇率进行分解研究发现,可贸易品与不可贸易品之间的相对价格变动对实际汇率波动的解释能力远小于可贸易品偏离一价定律因素,表明人民币对美元实际汇率变动主要受可贸易品价格波动的影响。进一步放松一价定律假设并在传统的巴萨效应检验模型中加入一价定律偏离因素后,进行回归分析发现,一价定律偏离因素是人民币实际汇率波动的主要影响因素,而巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应仅在1994年以后的样本区间才显著。本文的研究表明,相对一价定律偏离因素,巴萨效应对实际汇率波动的影响是次要的。     

基于STAR模型的中日汇率态势检验

改革开放是我国发展壮大的必经之路.其过程离不开与其他国家或地区的经济交往,因此必然受到国外经济的影响.随着我国经济开放程度的不断扩大,汇率的变动对我国经济变动的影响也越来越大.在我国对外贸易中,日本是一个不容忽视的贸易对象国,本文采用基于STAR模型的KSS非线性单位根检验分析法和传统的ADF与PP检验对中日实际汇率进行了实证检验,检验结果表明,我国汇率符合购买力平价理论,这说明现有的参考一篮子货币的有管理的浮动汇率制度正逐步达到市场有效性和预期效果,应继续发挥市场供求在人民币汇率形成中的基础性作用,增强浮动弹性.     

西部地区对外贸易与环境污染关系研究——基于PVAR模型的实证分析

本文利用西部地区12个省(自治区、直辖市)1997～2015年的面板数据,构建PVAR模型,采用脉冲响应函数、方差分解和格兰杰因果检验等分析方法,实证分析了对外贸易与环境污染之间的双向动态作用关系。结果表明:环境污染冲击可以促进对外贸易和出口而阻碍进口,但对外贸易冲击对环境污染的影响不定且呈现出明显的周期性;进口依存度对环境污染变动的贡献率最高,出口依存度居中,外贸依存度最低,而环境污染对对外贸依存度变动、出口依存度变动和进口依存度变动的方差贡献率依次递减,但其解释能力在不断增强;环境污染是对外贸易依存度和出口依存度的格兰杰原因;出口依存度和进口依存度不是环境污染的格兰杰原因。     

沿边口岸对外贸易发展状况分析——以阿拉山口口岸为例

本文根据2001-2009年阿拉山口口岸贸易量和贸易额、对外贸易依存度、对外贸易商品结构、地理方向和贸易方式5个方面进行分析,提出大力发展沿边口岸对外贸易,加强检验检疫政策宣传力度,提高货物通关率;充分利用区域性贸易优惠政策,努力开拓多元化的国际市场;发展"三来一补"和过境贸易等多元化贸易方式的对策.     

人民币升值对中国船舶出口的影响

文章利用2008年第三季度与2013年第三季度之间人民币实际有效汇率数据与中国船舶出口交货值数据,以中国船舶贸易为中心,从汇率视角实证了人民币实际有效汇率提高如何对中国船舶出口产生影响。结果显示,人民币实际有效汇率每上升1个百分点,中国船舶出口交货值会上升32.25917个百分点。实证表明,人民币实际有效汇率的上升在现阶段对中国船舶出口是促进作用。     

实际汇率对欧元区内出口贸易影响的实证分析

汇率是调节一国进出口贸易的重要工具,在欧元区由于使用统一的货币,这使得成员国无法通过改变汇率来调节本国的进出口贸易,而成员国的通货膨胀率的不同造成了欧元区各国的实际汇率并不相同,实证分析发现,实际汇率与区内出口贸易存在着明显的负相关,实际汇率每增加1%,区内出口就会减少2.39%。     

The common trend and common cycle of exports and the real exchange rate: Empirical results from Swiss data

Conclusion This paper contains an empirical analysis of the relationship of Swiss goods exports, the real exchange rate and world trade, using the common-trend-common-cycle methodology. This exercise shows that the trend and cyclical dependence of these variables are strongly different: exports and the real exchange rate exhibit a positive long-run or trend dependence of world trade whereas the short-run or cyclical relationship of exports to the real exchange rate is strongly negative with approximately a unit elasticity. These results, which differ strongly from standard dynamic regression or error correction estimates, can be interpreted as follows. In the short run we observe the strong negative cyclical relationship between exports and the real exchange rate, which we expect from short-run macroeconomic models with sticky prices. If we make the reasonable assumption that short-run real exchange rate movements are exogenous to exports and, for instance, caused by monetary policy then we come to the conclusion that cyclical real exchange rate variations lead to strong export cycles. However, in the long run, there is a completely different positive comovement of these two variables, which are both driven by the world trade trend. This common trend of exports and the real exchange rate can be understood as an equilibrium reaction of both variables, price and quantity of the exported goods, to exogenous changes in world trade given a production technology available for the country.     

“入世”十年中国外贸“井喷式”增长的新挑战及应对

论文分析了中国入世以来对外贸易增长的突出特征,提出了高额贸易背后给中国经济发展带来的新挑战,最后有针对性地就充分利用两个市场、实行外汇储备的积极管理、人民币的汇率改革以及转变外贸发展方式方面提出对策建议。     

人民币实际有效汇率的构建方法研究

当今外汇市场上每天用于贸易交易的外汇交易量不到5％,95％以上都是与贸易交易无关的虚拟资本流动。但迄今为止,理论界和实务部门仍主要从贸易角度入手构建人民币实际有效汇率。本研究从国际收支即同时从经常帐户和资本与金融帐户角度考虑人民币实际有效汇率的形成机制,将相对生产率进步指标纳入人民币实际有效汇率权重的构成中,既吸收了篮子货币的优点,又能减轻由于非汇率对实体经济的冲击造成汇率的较大波动,从而保持一个较稳定的人民币实际有效汇率。论文的模型比IMF的模型更符合当代汇率的形成机制,论文预测了2009和2010年人民币实际有效汇率分别较上一年升值1．36％和1．17％。     

本币名义汇率低于真实汇率是保持国际竞争力的有效手段

本文表达了如下想法:①名义汇率围绕真实汇率上下波动的调整,会促使一国国际收支恶化或者改善;②美元对人民币贬值并不一定能够满足马歇尔———勒纳条件和解决中美国际收支失衡问题,因为失衡问题主要是美国的国内因素以及限制对华技术出口与中国商品进口所引起的;③我国作为一个发展中国家,应该适度控制名义汇率,使其低于真实汇率,才能支持劳动力优势,保持国际收支顺差;④国际收支长期盈余,是我国经济增长和经济安全的保证。     

Industry-specific Real Effective Exchange Rate for China： 2000-2009

This paper measures the industry-specific real effective exchange rate （REER） for China by matching domestic and foreign industry-level price and trade data series. We find that after 2005 the REER appreciates more in the ＂chemical, plastics, rubber and fuels industry＂ and the ＂＇machinery and equipment industry,＂ but remains roughly constant or even depreciates in other industries. The nominal exchange rate generally accounts for over 50 percent of the aggregate real effective exchange rate JTuetuations, but this conclusion does not apply to three of nine industries. We apply the industry-specific REER to re-examine the relationship between the exchange rate and trade, and find that the industry-specific REER index performs better than the traditional aggregate REER index. We recommend that the Chinese Government officially adopt industry-specific exchange rates instead of using the aggregate effective exchange rates to evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese industries in the international market.     

Structural breaks and the equilibrium real effective exchange rate of China: A NATREX approach

This paper investigates the equilibrium real effective exchange rate for the Chinese RMB during the post-reform period, 1982–2010. We extend the NATREX model in several important perspectives and apply it for the first time to China. A wide range of economic fundamentals that are unique to the Chinese economy is introduced into the model. We construct a unique set of quarterly data and employ unit root and cointegration tests that can account for multiple endogenous structural breaks. In addition, to capture the evolution of China's foreign trade pattern, we employ time-varying (i.e. 3-year average) trade weights to construct the real effective exchange rate. We find two structural breaks in the cointegration relationship (in 1988 and 1992). Effective terms of trade, demographic factors, liquidity constraints and government investment are significant determinants of the equilibrium real effective exchange rate. The RMB was overvalued against a basket of 14 currencies until mid-1980s. During 1986–2010, it was undervalued in most years except after the Asian financial crisis in 1997. We have found persistent undervaluation from 2004 onwards. However, the misalignment rates are much lower than those reported by previous studies and the undervaluation rate actually declined sharply in 2008. The undervaluation rate rose modestly in 2009 and sharply in 2010, though it is still lower than what has been suggested by other studies.     

The Effect of Exchange Rate on Bilateral Trade Balance: New Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand

This paper attempts to identify the major economic factors that influence the bilateral trade balances of Malaysia and Thailand with the US and Japan. To this end, an unrestricted VAR model was estimated using quarterly frequency data from 1980: I to 1996: IV. The Johansen results indicate a stable long-run relation between trade and three macro variables: exchange rate, domestic income and foreign income. The main findings of this paper are: (i) the real effective exchange rate is an important variable in the trade balance equation and devaluation improves the trade balances of both economies in the long-run; (ii) the other important variables that determine trade balance include domestic and foreign incomes; (iii) the results indicate no J-curve effect and causal run from exchange rate to trade balance, (iv) the real effects of devaluation are distributed over a period of eight to nine quarters.     

The misalignments in Chinese real effective exchange rate from 1994 to 2020: A counterfactual analysis

Using a novel panel data method proposed by Hisao, Ching and Wan (2012), we empirically evaluate the misalignments between the actual and counterfactual values of Chinese real effective exchange rate (REER, CPI-based) from 1994 to 2020, where “counterfactual” refers to the counterfactual scenarios that some major economic events had not happened. These events include China's accession to WTO from December 2001, the reforms of exchange rate regime in July 2005, June 2010 and August 2015, China's economic stimulus package in November 2008, and the US-China trade dispute started from March 2018. We calculate the counterfactual values for both real and nominal effective exchange rates (REER and NEER) in order to examine the channels of the misalignments. We find that the reform of China's exchange rate policy in July 2005 and August 2015 increased Renminbi's trade competitiveness in real term compare to foreign currencies, while other events decreased it or had no effects. The misalignments in REER are caused by the changes in both NEER and China's CPI.