Costs of providing local public services and compact population in Spanish urbanised areas

This paper addresses the impact of land use patterns associated with compact population on the costs of provision and maintenance of urban public services for local entities, controlling for other factors. The aim is to develop an econometric analysis using a panel data set of municipalities of the Spanish Mediterranean area and Madrid in the period 2006–2014. The estimations derived from the study confirm one main hypothesis and indicate that compact population impacts positively on the decrease of municipal costs of urban public services. This study suggests that municipal planning instruments of local entities could contribute to efficiently manage their budgets, as well as orients public policy in terms of its local land use decision-making.     

江苏省土地利用程度与区域生态效率关系研究

研究目的:以江苏省为例,研究土地利用程度对区域生态效率的影响机制,提出合理利用土地、提高区域生态效率的政策建议。研究方法:将相关概念进行操作化定义后,基于江苏1990—2007年的数据,建立方程进行回归分析。研究结果:随着土地利用程度的不断加强,江苏省的生态效率随之提高,二者呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.683;土地生态系统的生态服务价值却随着土地利用程度的加强而下降,二者呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.911。研究结论:合理的土地利用程度,能够确保土地生态系统持续地提供各类生态产品和服务,进而促进区域生态效率的提高,反之,土地的粗放式利用使土地利用类型比例失衡,再加之缺乏维系土地生态系统可持续性的措施,会导致土地生态系统服务功能的减弱,并最终制约区域生态效率的提高。     

Ideal type theories and concrete cases in land science: A multi-step appraisal of the evolutionary theory of land rights in Madre de Dios,Peru

The relationships of regional integration, land tenure and land use have all received substantial previous attention. Nonetheless, existing theoretical frameworks tend to presume ideal types of land tenure in understanding the impacts of regional integration on change in institutions and land use. We therefore evaluate the evolutionary theory of land rights (ETLR) for the case of Madre de Dios, Peru. This is a useful case since tenure for agricultural lands is private individual as the ETLR theorizes, but other characteristics, such as the presence of forest extractivism, depart from the assumptions of the ETLR. We pursue a multi-step analysis of key relationships of the ETLR, focusing particularly on the linkages between highway paving as an indicator of regional integration, titling as a measure of tenure formality, multiple indicators of land market engagement, and land uses with diverse ramifications for ecological sustainability. Findings for the different steps partially support the ETLR for the case of Madre de Dios. Disconfirmation however sometimes occurs due to geographic accidents rather than due to truly contrasting findings. We conclude by discussing the need to identify characteristics of empirical cases that do and do not fit the expectations of theories in order to better evaluate the applicability of theory for analysis and policy.     

中国区域生态用地分类的研究进展

研究目的:总结和梳理中国区域生态用地分类的相关研究文献,分析中国区域生态用地分类的特点,提出中国区域生态用地的分类体系,为中国区域生态用地的利用和管理提供科学依据。研究方法:文献资料法、归纳分析法和比较分析法。研究结果:当前中国对生态用地的内涵缺乏统一的界定,现有的土地利用分类体系对土地的生态属性考虑不足,导致生态用地分类缺乏统一的标准以及生态用地难以得到有效保护。研究结论:(1)应从"泛生态功能论"的视角来界定区域生态用地的内涵,将耕地等以生产功能为主,同时具有较为重要的生态功能的土地纳入生态用地范畴,但应排除建设用地范围内的绿化用地;(2)基础性生态用地是维护区域生态环境安全最重要的自然本底,为了加强对基础性生态用地保护和管理的针对性,在分类体系中应突出基础性生态用地;(3)区域生态用地可采用三级分类,一级类可分为基础性生态用地、保全性生态用地和辅助性生态用地三大类;(4)为有利于对现有土地利用现状调查数据的应用,建议生态用地分类体系中三级分类的名称设置和内涵尽量与现行的《土地利用现状分类》国家标准相衔接。     

不同空间尺度下城市土地利用绩效评价指标体系的构建

指标选择是评价土地利用绩效的基础,目前许多学者从不同角度建立了土地利用绩效评价指标体系,为土地利用评价奠定了理论基础,然而构建土地利用绩效评价指标体系仍是学术界的重要任务。已有的一些城市土地利用评价指标忽视空间尺度,针对性、层次性、区域性等不明显,因此本文主要针对建成区和市辖区两个空间尺度建立城市土地利用绩效评价指标体系。     

An innovative means of urban land development: A case study of Trichur in India

Summary

For more than seven decades, several Indian states have used the plot reconstitution technique in managing urban land development. Recently, Kerala, a small southern state, has experimented with this technique for the first time in a scheme in Trichur. The Trichur experience is unique in that it incorporates significant innovations over a somewhat similar method of land readjustment which is widely practiced in the Asian‐Pacific region. Formulated for complete cost‐recovery, the Trichur project incorporates the active cooperation of the landowners and officials, and is a time‐bound programme to complete all land development and building construction works within six years of the finalization of the scheme proposals.

This paper attempts to explore the use of this innovative means of land development in Trichur with a view to assessing the potentiality and constraints in its use, and identifying critical areas where further refinements would be desirable. Based on fieldwork in the state and intensive interviews, the paper finds the Trichur experience to be of great importance as a viable strategy of urban land development and management. The paper concludes with some recommendations on legal and institutional aspects, and stresses the need for refinements in the scheme preparation and information dissemination for transferability and wider application of the technique.     

The ‘squeezed middle’: Identifying and addressing conflicting demands on intermediate quality farmland in Scotland

The growing demand for a wide range of private and public goods and services from a finite land resource is increasingly challenging for planners at local, regional, national and international scales. The Scottish Government's development of a Land Use Strategy has given salience to resolving conflicts and enhancing synergies in land use. In Scotland, the poorest quality farmland is often designated for nature and landscape conservation and the highest quality farmland often protected for food production. This means that many of the competitive pressures on land are experienced in what we term the ‘squeezed middle’. The paper identifies the multiple (and not exclusively economic) drivers of land use choices and, through an ecosystem services lens, explores three particular areas of land use conflict. These are (i) the continued high level of public support for farming, which has done little to address the problem of low farm incomes; (ii) the pressure to increase woodland planting on farm (and other) land; and (iii) conflicts associated with intensive game management, especially on sporting estates. Using the Scottish situation as an example, the heterogeneity of land use pressures means that there is a danger of the principles of the Land Use Strategy becoming lost in translation from national policy to practical land use decision-making. The appropriate scale for delivery of integrated ecosystem services may therefore be more local than current pilot projects, and may require more active participation of land managers. It may also require policy instruments that are more flexible in adapting to the local context, including payments for ecosystem services.     

基于产业转移的土地集约利用研究——以广东省为例

从区域产业转移与土地利用变化理论出发,构建基于区域产业转移的土地集约利用分析框架,在分析广东区域产业结构与土地利用结构、区域产业转移与土地集约利用的基础上,联系广东省产业转移中土地利用管理的实际,探讨产业转移和土地集约利用的经济利益和政府管制等机制,并提出基于产业转移的广东省土地集约利用对策。     

Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: Insights from China's Sloping Land Conversion Program in Yunnan Province

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) pays millions of farmers to convert cropland in upper watersheds to tree plantations. It is considered one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme for its reliance on financial incentives. This paper examines the outcomes of the SLCP by way of a case study from the Yangliu watershed in Yunnan province. It focuses on the notions of justice embedded in state policy and held by villagers and local state officials in order to understand the observed outcomes in terms of people's participation in the implementation of the SLCP, land use changes and livelihood effects. Villagers, local state officials, and state policy share a primary concern about distributive justice despite significant differences in their specific notions. The shared concern underlies the villagers’ positive reactions to the SLCP, which among other factors, have led to the intended expansion of tree plantations and a livelihood transition in Yangliu since 2003. The insights from Yangliu suggest the need to consider justice for a fuller understanding of the dynamics and outcomes of the SLCP and other PES schemes worldwide as the notions of justice applied by the involved actors may influence land use and livelihood dynamics in addition to the other factors considered in research this far.     

Changing rural landscapes: A need for planning and management

This article explains how recreational subdivisions convert large tracts of rural land in the USA into ‘potential vacation homesites’. Much subdivision has occurred in areas where land use regulations are weak or non-existent. All too often developers have implemented an operational framework without a master plan, have not adhered to local environmental constraints, and failed to provide the most basic services needed for human habitation. Many of these so-called ‘planned new communities’ qualify as neither communities nor planned and end up as ghost subdivisions with vast acreages of unused, vacant land marked by an elaborate network of bladed roads. Specific developmental guidelines are suggested to assist governmental officials in reducing the negative impact associated with the premature subdivision of land years prior to its expected use.     

土地系统功能及其可持续性评价

研究目的：从土地系统功能角度探讨土地可持续性,为土地管理提供新的思路。研究方法：文献综述法,比较分析法,归纳总结法。研究结果：（1）在土地系统研究中,结构变化方面的研究已有很多,土地为人类提供产品和服务的功能及其可持续性正越来越多地受到学术界关注。（2）剖析土地功能的概念,综述了土地“功能”内涵的演进、土地结构与功能的关系、土地覆盖、土地利用与土地功能的关系以及土地功能的分类,系统介绍了基于土地功能的可持续性评价方法,并指出了土地功能评价中存在的尺度问题。研究结论：土地系统功能及其可持续性评价可以为土地科学研究、土地管理和区域发展提供新的视角。     

浙江省温州市土地利用总体规划环境影响预警系统的构建

新一轮全国土地利用总体规划要求对市级以上土地利用总体规划进行环境影响评价。通过分析温州市土地利用总体规划环境影响评价过程,提出其规划过程缺乏过程监管的现状。在参考相关研究的基础上,提出建立基于生态服务价值法构建土地利用总体规划环境影响预警系统是解决问题的重要途径,并对预警系统的总体架构和子系统进行了设计。该系统对实现环境友好的、可持续的土地利用模式,以达到生态、社会、经济的全面发展具有重要意义。     

The impact of anti-corruption measures on land supply and the associated implications: The case of China

The allocation of land resources is a crucial issue in sustainable urban development, but it is subject to the vagaries of public governance. By using the prosecution of corrupt local leaders as the shock event, and exploring the data on sacked officials and land transfers in prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2016, we analyse the changes in the supply of land in response to the ousting of key local officials for corruption. The estimations derived through the identification strategy of the DID framework show that both the volume and value of land sales dropped significantly after the local officials’ ousting, with the value of total land sales reacting to a much greater extent. We also found the reduction of land supply was mainly from commercial and residential land but a greater supply of land for public use following the local leaders’ ousting, accompanied with an increase in the level of marketisation in the supply of land and a reduction in cheap transfers of industrial land. In addition, the heterogeneity of the effect across the rank and type of official was investigated, and the long-term persistence of this effect was confirmed. By showing that anti-corruption measures have a persistent disciplinary effect on officials’ subsequent land supply strategy, this paper underscores that the quality of public governance profoundly influences the functioning of the land market.     

土地利用总体规划建设用地指标区域动态分配问题研究

研究目的:优化土地利用总体规划建设用地指标的区域配置。研究方法:对比分析法,多因素综合分析法和主成分分析法。研究结论:提出了土地利用总体规划建设用地指标区域动态分配的思路,通过对土地利用的综合效益进行及时监测和评价,动态调整建设用地指标,增强了建设用地指标区域分配的合理性,有助于发挥土地利用的比较优势,提高土地资源的区域配置效率,激励地方政府高效利用土地资源,实现区域土地利用总体福利的最大化。     

Moving from vision to action- integrating ecosystem services in the Swedish local planning context

Policies and planning processes related to land use play an important role in maintaining and developing ecosystem services. The incorporation of ecosystem services into local plans is considered an indicator of the plan’s capacity to implement strategic action. This study provides a national overview of the incorporation of the ecosystem service concept in current municipal comprehensive plans in Sweden and explores the actions taken by three municipalities in Stockholm County to implement the ecosystem service concept in practice. A multi-method design was employed including a qualitative content analysis of 231 municipal comprehensive plans, a statistical analysis analyzing temporal changes from 2005 – 2017, and dialogue meetings with municipal practitioners from the three municipalities. We divided the level of integration to four categories, A (Advanced) - D (Not included). Overall, the integration of the ecosystem service concept has significantly increased in municipal comprehensive plans during the last decade. At national level, 23% of municipalities have explicitly mentioned ecosystem services, and within Stockholm County, 42%. The dialogue meetings with municipal practitioners revealed that the municipalities were at different stages of implementing the ecosystem service concept, with diverse actions being implemented for advancing practice. These included capacity building, participatory processes and development of thematic plans and operational documents. To support the future implementation of the ecosystem service concept from vision to action, both local and national initiatives are needed.     

基于区域战略的江苏省土地统筹利用分区研究

研究目的:提出区域土地统筹利用分区的概念和划分方法,以江苏省为案例进行分析,为区域土地利用、城乡建设等相关规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法:结合主成分分析法和空间聚类法进行综合分区;采用演绎法划分实施区域发展战略的土地利用保障区;以空间迭置法构建江苏省土地统筹利用分区。研究结果:将江苏省划分为4个土地统筹利用大区、7个亚区。研究结论:统筹区域土地利用应将土地利用的现实和未来相结合,以土地统筹利用分区作为研究的空间依据,该分区是土地利用区划和土地利用功能分类的结合,属于区划性质,兼有土地利用功能分类的特点。     

Organizing anarchy: The food security–biodiversity–climate crisis and the genesis of rural land use planning in the developing world

Shortfalls in global food production, coupled with the growing visibility of climate change's disruptive effects, have underlined for many observers the importance of devoting rural lands to their ‘optimal’ use, where they can make maximal contributions to the global imperatives of feeding the human population and maintaining vital environmental services. In this context observers have endorsed rural land use planning as a way to insure that, at least in theory, lands get devoted to their best uses. In practice, land use planning in the developing world has resembled ‘organized anarchy’. Small landholders with insecure land tenure, overseas investors seeking large land deals, NGOs representing indigenous peoples, government officials, and staff from international environmental NGOs and multilateral organizations have come together in strategic action fields to struggle over and sometimes negotiate land use plans for contested landscapes. These plans represent a strategic, spatially explicit response to the climate change–biodiversity–food security crisis.     

京津冀城市群地区土地生态状况评估

研究目的:开展区域尺度土地生态状况的科学评估,服务于国家生态文明建设、城市群协同发展和土地资源规划与管理。研究方法:以第二次全国土地调查年度数据、遥感数据和气象、土壤等数据为基础,从生态系统结构、生态质量和生态系统服务3个方面构建评估框架,并采用AHP和CRITIC法确定因子权重,定量评估2015年京津冀城市群地区土地生态状况。研究结果:2015年,研究区的土地生态状况具有西部、北部较优,东部、南部较低的地理梯度分异,产水服务与干扰度指数、碳贮存服务间存在一定的权衡关系,而碳贮存服务、净初级生产力和源生境连通性是研究区土地生态状况的主要障碍因子。研究结论:当前或未来的土地利用管理中应综合权衡城市扩张、粮食安全和生态维护,针对土地生态状况的区域差异、生态因子间的冲突关系及主要的限制类型确定相应的土地持续利用与生态维持、恢复方式。     

青海湖流域主要生态系统服务价值驱动分析

通过定量分析生态系统服务价值的变化和气候、GDP、个人储蓄和城市化水平等社会经济驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性,以识别影响青海湖生态环境的主要影响因素,调控和管理青海湖区域生态保护。研究方法:生态系统服务估值,MATLAB.7.0多元线性回归分析,敏感性分析。研究结果:(1)2000～2008年青海湖流域的湿地和草地生态系统服务价值分别下降11.16%、13.23%,主要是受到GDP和气候暖干化的影响,但对GDP变化并不敏感,对城市化和气温变化极为敏感;(2)2000～2008年青海湖流域农地的生态系统服务下降了57.93%,主要受气候暖干化和城市化的驱动所致,同时对城市化和气温变化极为敏感。研究结论:青海湖流域生态环境恶化是气候变化和经济社会发展的长期综合作用结果,青海湖流域尤其是天峻县的经济发展应该以实施生态保护战略为主导。     

基于演化博弈的土地利用冲突缓解机制研究 ——以沈抚新区为例

研究目的：构建多元利益主体参与的土地利用冲突缓解机制,对于缓解区域用地矛盾和实现区域空间协同治理具有重要意义。研究方法：三方演化博弈模型、Matlab数值仿真。研究结果：（1）地方政府在土地利用冲突中的策略选择对营利性组织与农民的策略选择起决定作用;（2）治污处罚、政策补贴、土地租金、污染赔偿、额外补助是影响研究区土地利用冲突的关键因素;（3）通过调整影响研究区土地利用冲突关键因素,从实现绿色经济和条块化管理策略上,构建社会经济型和生态治理型的土地利用冲突缓解机制。研究结论：构建地方政府、营利性组织和农民之间的三方演化博弈关系,可实现社会经济发展和生态环境治理目标下的三方利益主体利益均衡,促进地方政府主导转向多方利益主体合作,有利于缓解区域用地矛盾和冲突。