数字普惠金融与农户收入差距：加剧还是缓解

解决好农户收入差距问题,是新时代扎实推进全体人民共同富裕的重要课题。本文基于2017年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)和北京大学数字普惠金融指数的匹配数据,采用再中心化影响函数回归方法,实证检验数字普惠金融发展对农户收入差距的影响及作用机理。研究发现,数字普惠金融显著缓解了农户收入差距,此结论在稳健性检验后依然成立。作用机理分析表明,数字普惠金融通过“涓滴效应”缩小了农户间的工资性和转移性收入差距,但是,由于“门槛效应”扩大了农户间的经营性和财产性收入差距。异质性分析发现,数字普惠金融使用深度与数字化程度均能缓解农户收入差距;数字信贷在缩小农户收入差距方面发挥的作用最大;数字普惠金融能够显著缩小西部地区的农户收入差距,但对东部和中部地区无显著影响。     

农地产权制度改革对农村金融市场的影响——机制与微观证据

新一轮农地产权制度改革的核心政策包括农地承包经营权确权、登记和颁证以及赋予承包经营权抵押担保权能。本文构建了农地产权制度改革影响农村金融市场的理论分析框架,使用农地产权制度改革试点地区和非试最地区707户样本农户的数据,实证检验了农地产权制度改革对农村金融市场的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,农地抵押的信贷供给效应初步显现,并且,金融机构的农地抵押贷款供给具有规模偏好特征。农地确权和农地流转显著提高了农户的名义信贷需求,但由于受到现阶段农地抵押法律的限制和金融机构的信贷配给,43.24%具有名义信贷需求的农户依然无法有效表达其信贷需求,仅能将名义信贷需求转化为潜在信贷需求。修订限制农地抵押权的法律和完善农地抵押制度,将有助于改善这部分具有潜在信贷需求农户的信贷条件。     

普惠金融体系

普惠金融体系也称包容性金融体系。2005年是联合国“国际小额信贷年”，在此背景下，联合国提出建立“普惠金融体系”新理念。其基本含义是：能有效、全方位地为社会所有阶层和群体提供服务的金融体系，让广大被排斥在正规金融体系之外的客户获得金融服务，对象是农户、微型企业等相对贫困群体、产业和地区。     

小额信贷对贫困地区农户畜禽养殖业的影响

虽然资金短缺常被认为是影响农村贫困地区发展畜禽养殖的一个重要因素,但是来自实证研究的证据少有报道。本文使用农户调查数据,以扶贫基金会小额信贷项目为例,实证分析了小额信贷对农户畜禽养殖活动的影响。研究结果表明,小额信贷促进了农户参与猪牛羊和家禽的养殖,其中对于生猪养殖的促进作用尤其明显;同时,小额信贷对于扩大猪和羊的养殖规模也有显著的正向影响;正规金融机构和民间借贷对农户养殖业的影响远低于小额信贷。     

数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距影响的再检验——基于农户人力资本投资调节效应的视角

数字普惠金融与农户人力资本投资分别缩小城乡收入差距的作用机理与效果已得到学术共识,而关于两者城乡收入差距收敛效应的联合作用机理与效果仍有待深入探究。本文运用2011—2018年省级面板数据,考察农户人力资本投资对数字普惠金融城乡收入差距收敛效应的调节作用。研究结论表明,(1)整体来看,数字普惠金融能够显著缩小城乡收入差距;(2)农户人力资本投资能强化数字普惠金融覆盖广度、使用深度和数字化程度的城乡收入差距收敛效应,且对使用深度的强化效果最明显;(3)在各项数字普惠金融服务中,农户人力资本投资对数字信贷城乡收入差距收敛效应的强化效果最为突出。因此,在借助数字技术赋予农户享有金融服务权利的同时,要格外重视农户人力资本的投资,提高他们对数字普惠金融服务的获取能力与利用能力,更好地发挥出数字普惠金融缩小城乡收入差距的作用。     

农户信贷需求影响因素实证分析——基于山东省410个农户的调查

随着农村经济水平的提高、农业现代化进程的推进,农村金融需求不断增加,其中尤以农户信贷资金需求的增加最为明显。而农户作为农村经济活动的基本单位,他们的信贷需求是否得到满足直接影响到农村金融对农村经济的支持效果。为了解农村信贷需求现状及其影响因素,文章以农户为受访主体设计了调查问卷,得到山东省17个地市农户信贷供需状况的调查问卷数据,并对农户信贷的需求现状进行了统计分析。在此基础上,构建了二元Logistic模型,对影响农户信贷需求的内部因素以及外部因素进行了实证分析,得到结论:内部影响因素方面,家庭人口规模、劳动力人数、农户家庭收入水平、户主文化程度、收入来源、对金融机构的了解程度以及以往的借贷经验对农户的信贷需求有显著影响;外部影响因素中,金融机构对贷款申请人的资格条件限定、贷款利率水平和贷款额度对农户的信贷需求有显著影响。最后,根据实证分析结果提出了具体的政策建议。     

农业产业链组织、信贷交易成本与规模农户信贷可得性

农业产业链组织的发展对缓解规模农户融资困境具有重要意义。本文运用交易成本理论和合约理论探讨农业产业链组织、信贷交易成本对规模农户信贷可得性的影响,并基于江苏省668户规模农户调查数据,采用Tobit模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明,信贷交易成本高会降低规模农户的信贷可得性,规模农户加入农业产业链组织能够有效降低其与正规金融机构之间信息不对称、合约实施机制不完善所致的交易成本,从而提高其信贷可得性。与加入合作经济组织带动型产业链组织相比,规模农户加入龙头企业带动型产业链组织更有助于降低信贷交易成本,提高信贷可得性。     

农发行与其他涉农银行关系研究——基于山西的调查

一、农村信贷市场与农发行定位 研究农发行 与其他涉农金融机构的关系,其背景是农村信贷市场.农村信贷市场按照贷款需求主体划分,可以分为三个层面.一是以农户为主体的信袋市场.农户主要因为规模种植、养殖、农副产品加工、农村商业和运输业等产生贷款需求.二是以农村企业为主体的信贷市场.狭义上,农村企业指农副产品、农资的生产加工和流通企业,按照规模可分为小微型企业、有一定规模的企业,以及龙头企业.     

数字普惠金融是否有助于缩小城乡收入差距?

本文以我国298个地市级城市2011年～2019年的面板数据为样本,利用固定效应模型和中介效应模型研究数字普惠金融的收入分配效应及其影响机理。研究表明:数字普惠金融能显著提升农民收入;数字普惠金融通过促进农户创业显著缩小中西部地区和欠发达地区城乡收入差距;数字普惠金融的收入分配效应有着明显的地域差异,这与不同地区金融发展和金融排斥程度以及数字普惠金融的结构性差异密切相关。未来在政府层面,应加强数字金融生态建设,促进区域创新均衡发展,为金融机构创造优良的数字化营商环境;在金融机构层面,应加大创新数字金融产品,完善风险防控机制;在农民层面,要积极学习数字技能以提升金融素养,增强创新创业能力。     

技术与农户普惠金融

本文基于时间交易成本模型分析了信息通讯技术对农户普惠金融发展的影响作用机理,并结合2014年CFPS的微观调查数据,运用有序Probit模型分析了技术对农户普惠金融发展水平的影响。通过研究发现,技术可以促进农户普惠金融发展。与不会使用互联网或者会上网人数较少的农户相比,会上网和上网人数较多的农户中普惠金融发展水平更高;相比于方便到达金融机构的农户而言,在远离金融机构的农户中,技术对普惠金融发展的促进作用更大。据此,提出如何通过技术提升农户普惠金融发展水平的政策启示。     

‘Freedom from Poverty is Not for Free’: Rural Development and the Microfinance Crisis in Andhra Pradesh,India

Within neoliberal development discourse, the poor are represented as entrepreneurial subjects for whom integration into formalized financial systems can facilitate their escape from poverty. This paper examines how the 2010 microfinance crisis in Andhra Pradesh reveals significant fault lines that underlie this narrative. It argues that the crisis of microfinance in Andhra Pradesh needs to be placed within the context of severe agrarian dislocations stemming from the impact of trade liberalization, drought cycles and a transformation of rural social relations. The contradictions are most strikingly represented in increasing rural differentiation and a generalized crisis of social reproduction among land‐poor farmers and landless labourers. A massive influx of microfinance – driven by both state‐operated programmes and private‐sector institutions leveraged with cross‐border financial flows – found a ready clientele among various agrarian classes seeking to bolster consumption and roll over debt in conditions of significant uncertainty and distress. Yet in banking on this vulnerability, microfinance institutions socialized the contradictions of rural Andhra Pradesh and have ultimately been thrown into limbo through the unleashing of political and social forces unforeseen in neoliberal narratives of agrarian change.     

数字普惠金融对农村内部收入差距的影响研究——基于生计资源多元化视角的经验分析

目的 在推进农民农村共同富裕道路进程中,识别数字普惠金融缩小农村内部收入差距的作用,并从农户生计资源多元化配置视角探索其作用机制。方法 文章合并使用县域数字普惠金融指数和中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS）,构造衡量农户收入不平等程度的相对剥夺指数,采用面板Tobit模型考察数字普惠金融对农村内部收入差距的影响,采用中介效应模型从生计资源多元化配置视角考察其作用机制。结果 （1）数字普惠金融能够有效减缓农户的相对收入剥夺程度,进而缩小农村内部收入差距,数字普惠金融指数每上升1%,农户相对收入剥夺水平下降7.87%,通过一系列稳健性检验后该结果依然可信;（2）生计资源多元化是数字普惠金融缩小农村内部收入差距的重要作用机制,数字普惠金融缩差效应的11.85%可由该作用渠道来解释;（3）数字普惠金融对农村内部收入差距缩减效应也具有明显的异质性,男性户主和45岁以下户主的农户、非农就业占比高和兼业化程度大的农户获得的数字普惠金融缩差“红利”更大。结论 作为新型金融供给方式,政府应大力推进农村数字普惠金融发展,因地制宜实施农村数字金融政策,鼓励农户生计资源多元化配置,多渠道应对风险提高收入水平,进而缩小农村内部收入差距助推共同富裕。     

微型金融在我国的发展与探索

微型金融为贫困人群和小企业提供金融服务和金融产品,它填补了传统金融机构在金融体系中的空白。结合当前我国农村金融改革,主要依靠现有商业银行和农村信用社,不可能解决有效服务"三农"发展的金融需求问题,尤其在沿海农村地区,随着商业性金融机构的不断撤离,渔业作为一项市场潜力巨大的行业,存在严重的金融抑制。因此,大力发展微型金融,提高对渔业经济的金融支持力度,是解决当前渔业金融抑制的有效途径。     

农村产权抵押融资的风险防控机制研究——基于重庆的实践

论文首先理清了农村产权抵押融资各环节上的主要风险。接着,通过对重庆市11个区县的实地调研,找出了各种风险的主要成因,以及防控这些风险的成功经验。最后,针对农村产权融资的不同需求,建立了以农村资金互助社为核心的小额融资风险防控机制,和以政府为基础层,金融机构和农户为核心层,担保机构、保险机构和评估机构为保障层的大额融资风险防控机制。为我国农村产权抵押融资风险防控提供参考。     

Rural Banking and Landless Labour Households: Institutional Reform and Rural Credit Markets in India

Financial liberalization is a key component of programmes of orthodox structural adjustment. Financial reforms include, among other things, the removal of controls on interest rates and the abolition of programmes of directed credit. Here the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India is examined, with particular reference to landless labour households. First, the trends in selected indicators of rural banking at the national level over the last 30 years are reviewed. Secondly, longitudinal data for a village in Tamil Nadu are used to examine changes in patterns of indebtedness and credit transactions among landless labour households. It is argued that the exploitation of landless labour households in the credit market has intensified with the introduction of financial reforms. Lastly, the policy envisaged as an alternative to the formal credit sector in the countryside – the establishment of micro–credit projects – is examined critically.     

Cattle sharing and rental contracts in an Agrarian economy: evidence from Ethiopia

Empirical evidence on the role of cattle sharing and rental contracts in agrarian economies is limited. This article is an investigation of different types of cattle sharing and rental contracts producers in rural Ethiopia adopt. It also investigates why households in rural Ethiopia rely on these contracts that are vulnerable and therefore subject to potential moral hazard problems described in earlier literature. We apply random effect probit and control function econometric methods to household panel data collected in 2005 and 2007 from two agro‐ecological zones in Ethiopia. Controlling for the endogeneity of access to livestock credit, we find that contracts are spatially fragmented and better developed where population density is high and credit and insurance markets are poorly developed. We also find that contracts help cash poor and credit constrained households to improve their herd dynamics, to get access to nonlivestock resources (land, labor and cash) and share risks that could have been difficult without the contract. We show that contracts are rational responses of residents in rural communities characterized by imperfect credit and insurance services, since households with better access to credit are less likely to rely on contracts.     

郁南县“信用工程”背景下小额信贷的扶贫绩效研究

小额信贷作为一种创新的金融服务工具,研究其绩效对我国金融改革和创新具有重要的作用。文章研究郁南县实施“信用工程”背景下小额信贷的扶贫绩效。通过问卷调查统计分析,我们发现小额信贷在一定程度上可以缓解农户贷款难问题,改善农户的生活水平,但效果不是很明显,“信用工程”还需要进一步推进。通过定量分析,我们得出结论是：总体上,小额贷款你能促进农民增收,但效果不是很显著;对于不同收入阶层,小额信贷的扶贫绩效对中低收入水平的农户不明显,但对高收入阶层的农户很显著。     

Unruly entrepreneurs – investigating value creation by microfinance clients in rural Burundi

ABSTRACT

This study explores the entrepreneurial potential of the rule-breaking practices of microfinance programs’ beneficiaries. Using the storyboard methodology, we examine the strategies employed by the poor in Burundi to bypass institutional rules. Based on 66 short interviews conducted in seven rural provinces of Burundi, our exploratory study analyzes the entrepreneurial potential in four instances of rule-evasion: consumption spending, illegitimate investment, loan juggling and loan arrogation. We argue that some of the unruly practices are in fact entrepreneurial, as they create tangible and intangible value for the rural poor at both household and community levels. These include strengthening social ties through gift exchange and ceremonies, which then help poor households to self-insure against shocks through social networks. By analyzing the push and pull factors for unruly behavior, we show that rule-breaking practices are often necessitated by the microfinance industry itself and call for increased flexibility and adaptability of microfinance products.     

林业社会化服务供给对贫困农户林地投入产出影响分析

基于江西省700户用材林农户调查数据,采用回归模型定量分析林业社会化服务供给对不同贫困程度农户林地投入和产出的影响程度和影响方向,以验证林权配套改革中的社会化服务供给是否发挥应有的效果。结果表明:林木栽培技术服务对一般贫困农户林地投入和林地产出水平具有显著正向影响;金融服务对非贫困农户和重度贫困农户林地投入水平具有显著正向影响;病虫害防治等服务对非贫困农户和一般贫困农户林地投入有显著负向影响;林地面积对不同农户林地投入产出具有显著的负向影响;是否参加林地保险对重度贫困农户林地投入有显著正向影响;劳动力人数对非贫困农户林地投入有显著正向影响;家庭收入结构对不同农户林地投入产出具有显著正向影响;户主年龄对非贫困农户和一般贫困农户林地投入有显著正向影响。因此,提出针对贫困农户提供林业技术培训;加大对贫困农户林业金融扶贫力度;加大林业社会化服务体系建设的财政投入力度等对策建议。     

The Role of Microfinance in Contemporary Rural Development Finance Policy and Practice: Imposing Neoliberalism as ‘Best Practice’

Microcredit emerged in the 1970s as a mechanism whereby virtually all poor individuals could supposedly escape their poverty through self‐help and individual entrepreneurship. Crucially, neoliberal policy‐makers found the microcredit concept ideologically compelling, and the international development community soon began to provide massive support to establish and expand the microfinance movement. Today, however, even long‐standing microfinance advocates now reluctantly accept that microcredit has actually had no positive impact upon poverty or ‘bottom‐up’ rural development. In fact, those rural communities most exposed to microcredit have been severely damaged in a number of ways, especially through sub‐prime‐style ‘boom‐to‐bust’ episodes. Largely because of its supreme ideological usefulness, the microfinance movement nonetheless still retains some support in the major neoliberal‐oriented international development institutions, pro‐globalization think‐tanks, and in a number of Western governments.