论构建我国货币危机预警机制

文章阐述了建立货币危机预警指标体系的必要性与可行性,介绍了货币危机预警理论,构建了适合中国的货币危机预警指标体系,对亚洲国家预警指标进行了实证分析,提出了构建我国货币危机预警机制需要解决的问题。     

体制转换模型能预测货币危机吗?

本文以名义汇率月变化率为因变量 ,引入因变量一阶自回归过程对Abiad(2 0 0 3 )提出的变动概率体制转换模型进行了修改 ,以此为基础 ,采用改进后的模型对阿根廷等 1 2个国家或地区在 1 978年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 5月期间发生或可能发生的货币危机进行了研究。本文主要回答两个问题 :根据体制转换模型建立的货币危机预警系统是否具有更强的预警能力 ?它预测危机发生的时机是否更准确 ?研究表明 :变动概率体制转换模型能够较为准确地预测货币危机发生的可能性和发生的时点 ;但是 ,对于不同的国家或地区 ,模型的预警效果有高有低 ;总体而言 ,该模型的预警能力很强 ,预警时效性较强     

货币危机理论和汇率理论:发散与交融

全球金融危机以来,世界多国先后爆发货币危机。在此背景下,对货币危机理论和相关的汇率理论进行文献梳理及发展动态分析,能够为学者们开展进一步的深入研究提供一定的基础。总体而言,货币危机理论与汇率理论的发展相对独立。虽然货币危机是汇率短期大幅度异常下跌的危机,但货币危机理论与汇率理论的融合和联系仍然较少,两者总体呈现发散态势。     

货币危机对产出的影响--一个货币危机的综合模型

不同的货币危机对经济产出水平有不同的影响,文章主要研究货币危机与产出水平之间的关系.文章构造了一个由IPLM曲线和总产出曲线构成的汇率-产出模型,揭示了三代货币危机模型的内在关联性.在这个简单的货币危机综合模型中,第一代货币危机模型和第二代货币危机模型被作为第三代货币危机模型的特例,从而把三代货币危机模型统一起来,解释了不同货币危机对产出水平的不同影响.     

货币危机的传染及防范研究

文章介绍了第一代货币危机模型和第二代货币危机模型的基本观点,在此基础上讨论了亚洲货币危机中货币危机的蔓延机理,并对我国货币危机的防范提出了几点建议。     

基于弹性价格货币模型的人民币汇率研究

作为国际金融的核心内容之一,汇率理论历来受到经济学家的关注.货币主义理论作为现代汇率理论的基石,在金融学领域具有崇高的地位.货币主义的汇率理论主要分为弹性价格货币模型、粘性价格货币模型和资产组合平衡模型.本文选取2005年7月到2009年6月的人民币汇率等数据对弹性价格货币模型进行实证分析,以检验人民币/美元汇率是否符合弹性价格货币模型,并对影响人民币汇率的因素进行分析.     

新兴市场国家金融危机预警研究——基于Logit模型的实证检验

当前部分新兴市场国家的金融风险引起国际社会高度警惕,有必要研究建立适用于新兴市场国家的金融危机预警模型,以更有效地应对金融风险.印度是典型的新兴市场国家,且在经济金融领域和中国有较多相似性,研究印度金融危机预警,对新兴市场国家尤其是中国防范金融风险具有重要意义.文章基于印度数据构建了货币危机预警模型,对货币危机的影响因素进行实证分析,并结合当前宏观数据,利用模型预测印度在未来若干年内发生货币危机的概率.Logit模型分析表明,净储蓄/GDP下降、人均GDP下降、外债/GDP升高、出口/GDP下降,会导致印度货币危机发生的概率增加.进一步利用Logit模型预测表明印度从2020年起货币危机发生的概率将逐年上升.尽管如此,若应对措施及时有效,货币危机引发金融危机爆发的可能性依然较小.     

可置信政策、汇率制度与货币危机:国际经验与人民币汇率市场化改革启示

本文从外汇市场微观结构理论角度,阐释了一国政府对外宣布的汇率制度,以及该国汇率政策的可置信性对货币危机发生的影响,并基于新兴市场与发展中国家1970—2010年的经验数据进行了实证分析。研究发现,一国政府对外宣布的汇率制度弹性越大、容忍本国汇率波幅变动越大,其发生货币危机的几率反而更大;此外,若一国政府的汇率政策的可置信较低,将更容易引发国际投机资本对本国汇率进行投机冲击,增加发生货币危机几率。人民币汇率市场化改革,不应放纵汇率完全自由过度波动,尤其在应对国际投机冲击时,试图通过扩大汇率弹性消除投机冲击的政策,反而可能将增加货币危机发生几率;加强正确的预期引导与审慎监管、引入"逆周期因子"机制防止非理性情绪放大单边市场预期与自我强化、提高政府维护汇率稳定政策的可置信性,将有助于消除市场恐慌,减少投机冲击,防范货币危机发生。     

货币危机理论文献综述

货币危机理论主要研究货币危机得以爆发的动因和根源、危机的特点、以及危机防范措施。自克鲁格曼（1979）以来，货币危机理论经历了两代的发展，第一代理论将危机根源归咎于政策非一致性，而第二代理论则认为危机是由汇率预期的自我实现性所致。莫瑞斯和金（1998）考察不完全信息条件下的货币危机问题，构建了基于全局博弈的货币危机理论，深入分析货币危机的微观逻辑，从而开辟了全新局面。     

浅论汇率与货币替代

文章介绍了有关货币替代的概念及货币替代模型 ,并根据该模型对货币替代汇率与货币的变化关系进行了讨论 ,最后指出货币替代的政治含义及货币替代和汇率理论与国家货币政策的关系     

Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Developments in Theory and Policy

This paper views developments in open-economy macroeconomics through the lens of the debate over European monetary unification. The empirical tendency for nominal exchange rate regimes to affect the variability of nominal and real exchange rates alike can be rationalized by sticky-price theories or models of asset-market liquidity effects. But plausible liquidity models have difficulty generating enough persistence to match the data. Thus, the macroeconomic stabilization costs of forgoing the exchange-rate realignment option seem pertinent. It is argued that our theories of efficiencies due to a common currency remain unsatisfactory, despite recent advances. The paper concludes by reviewing theories of currency crisis     

Contagion, Monsoons, and Domestic Turmoil in Indonesia's Currency Crisis

The paper investigates whether Indonesia's recent currency crisis was due to domestic fundamentals, common external shocks ("monsoons"), or contagion from neighboring countries. Markov switching models attribute speculative pressure on Indonesia's currency to domestic political and financial factors and contagion from speculative pressures in Thailand and Korea. In particular, the results from a time-varying transition probability Markov switching model (which overcomes some drawbacks of previous methods) show that inclusion of exchange rate pressures from Thailand and Korea in the transition probabilities improves the conditional probabilities of crisis in Indonesia. The paper also finds evidence of contagion in the stock market.     

Currency Crises, Monetary Policy and Corporate Balance Sheets

Abstract. This paper studies how the exposure of a country's corporate sector to interest rate and exchange rate changes affects the probability of a currency crisis. To analyze this question, we present a model that defines currency crises as situations in which the costs of maintaining a fixed exchange rate exceed the costs of abandonment. The results show that a higher exposure to interest rate changes increases the probability of crisis through an increased need for output loss compensation and an increased efficacy of monetary policy in stimulating output. A higher exposure to exchange rate changes also increases the need for output loss compensation. However, it lowers the efficacy of monetary policy in stimulating output through the adverse balance sheet effects of exchange rate depreciation. As a result, its effect on the probability of crisis is ambiguous.     

EXCHANGE RATE MANIPULATION AND CONSTRUCTIVE AMBIGUITY

I consider dynamic models in which investors are heterogeneously informed about both foreign exchange interventions and exchange rate fundamentals and show that transparency sometimes exacerbates misalignment between the exchange rate and fundamentals. Although transparency reveals information about fundamentals, it also increases the precision of the exchange rate as a signal of those fundamentals that remain unknown (the signal‐precision effect of transparency). If a central bank announcement reveals little information about fundamentals, then this effect dominates and transparency magnifies misalignment. One implication is that ambiguity can increase the effectiveness of intervention to support a declining currency during times of crisis.     

Explaining ERM realignments: Insights from optimising models of currency crises

This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of the realignments throughout the European exchange rate mechanism (ERM). Motivated by the implications of optimising currency crisis models, we relate the probability of “crises” to a set of macroeconomic fundamentals. By using a conditional binominal logit model we show that regime switches are strongly influenced by movements in industrial production, foreign interest rates, competitiveness and imports as well as in foreign exchange reserves. These findings are consistent with the general propositions of recent currency crises models.     

Monetary Policy in the Aftermath of Currency Crises: The Case of Asia

The paper evaluates monetary policy and its relationship with the exchange rate in the five Asian crisis countries. The findings are compared with previous currency crises in recent history. It is found that there is no evidence of overly tight monetary policy in the Asian crisis countries in 1997 and early 1998. There is also no evidence that high interest rates led to weaker exchange rates. The usual tradeoff between inflation and output when raising interest rates suggested the need for a softer monetary policy in the crisis countries to combat recession. However, in some countries, corporate balance sheet considerations suggested the need to reverse overly depreciated currencies through firmer monetary policy.     

Exchange rate regime,real misalignment and currency crises

Based on 69 sample countries, this paper examines the effect of macroeconomic fundamentals on real effective exchange rates (REER) in these sample countries. Using the misalignment of actual REER from its equilibrium level, we have estimated the factors explaining the extent of currency over- or under-valuation. Overall, we find that the higher the flexibility of the currency regime, the lower is the misalignment. The estimates are robust to different sub-samples of countries. We then explore the impact of such misalignment on the probability of a currency crisis in the next period, indicating the extent to which misalignment could be used as a leading indicator of a potential crisis. This paper thus makes a new contribution to the debate on the choice of exchange rate regime by bringing together real exchange rate misalignment and currency crisis literature.     

Rational expectations in the foreign exchange market? Some survey evidence

Although many papers have already proposed empirical models of currency crises, the timing of such crises has received relatively little attention so far. Most papers use indeed a static specification and impose the same lag structure across all explanatory variables. This, by construction, prevents from specifically timing the crisis signals sent by the leading indicators. The objective here is to fill this gap by considering a set of dynamic discrete choice models. The first contribution is to identify how early in advance each explanatory variable sends a warning signal. Some indicators are found to signal a crisis in the very short run while others signal a crisis at more distant horizons. The second contribution is to show that state dependence matters, albeit mostly in the short run. The results have important implications for crisis prevention in terms of the timeliness and usefulness of the envisaged policy response.     

Exchange Rate Regimes and Currency Crises: an Evaluation using Extreme Value Theory*

We test whether the exchange regime in place has an impact on the vulnerability of countries to currency crises. Our paper is distinguishable from others (i) in its use of extreme value theory to identify currency crisis periods and (ii) in using two separate designations for the exchange regime in place. The first is the self‐reported or announced exchange rate system. The second classification scheme, by Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger, is based on the relative movements of international reserves and exchange rates. The Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger procedure is intended to reveal the actual as distinct from the “legal” exchange arrangement. We find, interestingly, that the announced exchange regime has an impact on the likelihood of currency crises, while the “true” or observed regime does not. Announced pegged exchange regimes increase the risk of currency crisis even if, in reality, the exchange rate system in place is not pegged.     

Explosive bubbles in the US–China exchange rate? Evidence from right-tailed unit root tests

In this article we apply novel right-tailed unit root (sup Augmented Dickey-Fuller (SADF) and generalized sup ADF) tests to the China–US exchange rate. The empirical results document that the recent financial crisis in 2008 may be preceded by early warning signs of exuberance. Using the SADF test, evidence of an explosive behavior in the nominal exchange is found from 2005 onwards. This period coincides with both financial reforms in China and early indications of an impending US crisis that both have been reported in the literature. Our findings suggest that such an explosive behavior may be attributable to differences in the relative prices of traded goods. Policy implications are also derived.