会计信息对银行信贷决策影响的研究综述

银行的信息获取和处理能力将对其信贷决策的质量产生重要影响，会计信息作为一种交易型融资行为赖以发生的重要信息对银行信贷决策具有重要的价值，这在西方大量的研究中得以证明。国内外的学者在会计信息及其质量对银行信贷决策的影响进行了大量的研究，本文将围绕会计信息及其质量在银行贷款利率、贷款期限、贷款方式以及限制性条款等信贷决策方面的作用来梳理该领域的相关文献，以期对我国将来相关的理论研究和工作实践提供指导。     

规范会计报表附注,提高会计报表附注的实用价值

会计报表附注作为财务报告的重要组成部分,其反映的内容及体现的作用对人们的投融资决策及了解企业的财务及经营状况十分重要,但是由于目前会计附注内容在规范设定及信息披露详细程度等方面的原因,使得现有会计报表附注的实用价值并未得到很好地应用。因此,应当对会计报表附注披露的要求及形式进一步规范,建立社会监督机制,为会计信息使用者提供可靠、有用的决策信息。     

The Use of Generalizability Theory to Improve International Lending Decisions

This paper demonstrates the application of generalizability theory, a statistical technique which explicitly recognizes multiple sources of measurement error, to the identification of error or inconsistency in commercial bank loan ratings. The approach allows decision makers to assess the reliability of the credit analysis process used in either international or domestic lending. A sample obtained from a large commercial bank is analyzed to determine whether. the credit analysts' evaluative skills or the rating criteria utilized contribute to variability in the score for each loan. The results indicate that differences in credit analysts' loan evaluations are an important source of error, suggesting a possible tradeoff between increased analysis costs and improved rating consistency.     

信息不对称条件下无形资产减值测度研究(Ⅱ)———无形资产减值测度的目标、原则、标准及路径分析

本文从会计信息供求关系矛盾及其协调入手,分析无形资产减值测度信息的供求状况及其减值测度的目标定位问题;同时提出了无形资产减值测度目标的原则,根据不同计量特征分别建立其减值测度标准与路径。     

Sequential optimization three-way decision model with information gain for credit default risk evaluation

To categorize credit applications into defaulters or non-defaulters, most credit evaluation models have employed binary classification methods based on default probabilities. However, while some loan applications can be directly accepted or rejected, there are others on which immediate accurate credit status decisions cannot be made using existing information. To resolve these issues, this study developed an optimized sequential three-way decision model. First, an information gain objective function was built for the three-way decision, after which a genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to determine the optimal decision thresholds. Then, appropriate accept or reject decisions for some applicants were made using basic credit information, with the remaining applicants, whose credit status was difficult to determine, being divided into a boundary region (BND). Supplementary information was then added to reevaluate the credit applicants in the BND, and a sequential optimization process was employed to ensure more accurate predictions. Therefore, the model’s predictive abilities were improved and the information acquisition costs controlled. The empirical results demonstrated that the proposed model was able to outperform other benchmarking credit models based on performance indicators.     

小额贷款公司研究综述

小额贷款公司是一种新兴的金融组织形式,是一种重要的金融创新。随着我国金融市场的发展,小额贷款公司逐渐成为农村金融体系的重要补充,成为"三农"和中小企业信贷融资的重要渠道。文章对目前研究比较关注的小额贷款公司如何进行监管,可持续发展以及小额贷款公司面临的风险等问题进行了梳理和总结。     

Credit risk and asymmetric information: A simplified approach

We present a simple model for risky, corporate debt. Debtholders and equityholders have incomplete information about the financial state of the debt issuing company. Information is incomplete because it is delayed for all agents, and it is asymmetrically distributed between debtholders and equityholders. We solve for the equityholders' optimal default policy and for the credit spreads required by debtholders. Delayed information accelerates the equityholders' optimal decision to default. Interestingly, this effect is small, implying only a small impact on credit spreads. Asymmetric information, however, has a major impact on credit spreads. Our model predicts high credit spreads for short-term debt, as observed empirically in credit markets.     

公司管理层权力与银行信贷融资决策

运用中国上市公司2010—2013年相关数据,考察公司管理层权力与公司融资结构及银行信贷资源配置,结果显示：公司的管理层结构及高管层权力是公司融资政策选择和银行信贷资源配置的重要动因,公司管理层权力越大,管理层向银行借入短期借款越多,公司管理层权力与短期借款结构正相关。在债务约束效应下,管理层可能会出于个人任期和控制权私利的原因做出影响公司融资决策的行为,在公司银行信贷融资中表现为银行信贷融资规模与公司管理层权力呈现负相关关系,即管理层权力越大,公司配置的银行信贷资源越少;同时,公司管理层权力中结构权力与所有者权力对公司信贷决策有重要影响。     

关于会计报表的真实性分析

近年来,国内外会计舞弊及审计失败案件频频出现,使得会计信息的质量问题成为全球关注的焦点。本文认为,投资者依据会计报表分析进行投资决策时,除了关注注册会计师的审计意见外,还可以通过分析会计报表项目间勾稽关系、财务比率、会计调整、资产及盈利质量以及会计信息与其他信息是否存在重大不一致等方法,来判断公司管理当局对外披露会计信息的真实、可靠程度,从而主动规避投资风险。     

Endogenous information revelation in a competitive credit market and credit crunch

In this paper, we propose a new mechanism able to explain the occurrence of credit crunches. Considering a credit market with an asymmetry of information between borrowers and lenders, we assume that borrowers have to pay a cost to reveal information on the quality of their project. They decide to be transparent if it is necessary for getting a loan or for paying a lower interest rate. Two types of competitive equilibria may exist: an opaque equilibrium in which all projects receive funding without revealing information; a transparent one in which only the best projects reveal information and receive funding. It is also possible to get multiple equilibria. Incorporating this microeconomic mechanism in an OLG model, the economy may experience fluctuations due to the change of regime, and indeterminacy may occur.     

Development of bank microcredit

We analyze the process by which banks enter the microcredit market while still engaging in traditional credit practices. For this we study a competitive credit market with adverse selection, where lenders are endowed with a screening technology capable of extracting an informative signal about a borrower’s quality if enough time is devoted to process the loan application. The time necessary for signal extraction depends on the borrower’s informational transparency. In the presence of opaque and transparent borrowers, depending on economy parameters, either a separating equilibrium with standard credit or microcredit prevails or a pooling equilibrium with either loan contract prevails.     

商业银行国家助学贷款之风险分析

文章着重论述了国家助学贷款的信贷风险问题,指出国家助学贷款是一种财政贴息无担保的信用贷款,是一项公共政策;提出防范助学贷款的信贷风险,需要构建以国家征信体系为基础的社会诚信环境,完善全国性的个人征信信息系统,大力推广生源地贷款,创建助学贷款的风险管理系统。     

如何运用项目核算方法编制现金流量表——以用友U8．71软件为例

现金流量表是会计准则规定的重要财务报表之一，能反映企业在一定时期内现金流量信息，为会计信息使用者获取对企业决策有用的会计信息提供重要依据。随着会计电算化的普及和财务软件的不断完善，运用财务软件项目核算的功能编制现金流量表的过程简单且可随时查询现金流量信息，而且不会受到会计科目变化的影响。     

战略无形资产、商誉与企业持续竞争优势

本文运用“资源基础论”分析了战略无形资产与企业持续竞争优势和超额利润之间的关系,论述了现行财务会计模式对战略无形资产信息的综合反映形式。认为商誉是现行财务会计模式对企业持续竞争优势的综合反映形式,其本质是在现行财务会计模式下无法单独入账的企业战略无形资产,商誉的性质实际上是战略无形资产性质的外在综合表现,外购商誉的本质是被收购企业未入账的战略无形资产,外购商誉的会计处理应该依据并购后被收购企业战略无形资产价值的增减变动情况来决定。     

Active risk management and loan contract terms: Evidence from rated microfinance institutions

The aim of this article is to test the relationship among organizational architecture, joint liabilities contracts, and loan conditions. Based on a sample of 135 MFIs rated between 2003 and 2008, the study shows that solidarity lending and a decentralized credit decision have no significant influence on loan conditions. Being a village bank lender is significantly associated with higher interest rates charged, higher outreach, lower depth of outreach, and higher transaction costs. Results seem to highlight the existence of a trade-off between outreach and the average loan size per borrower when MFIs decentralize credit decisions or establish joint liability contracts.     

Discrimination in mortgage lending: Evidence from a correspondence experiment

We design and implement an experimental test for differential response by mortgage loan originators (MLOs) to requests for information about loans. Our e-mail correspondence experiment is designed to analyze differential treatment by client race and credit score. Our results show net discrimination by 1.8% of MLOs through non-response. We also find that MLOs offer more details about loans and are more likely to send follow up correspondence to whites. The effect of being African American on MLO response is equivalent to the effect of having a credit score that is 71 points lower.     

浅析上市公司股利信息在价值投资中的应用

根据信号传递理论,股利政策传递了会计利润所不能传达的信息,股利政策能较为真实的反映一个公司的价值。文章通过对上市公司的分配方案的分析,揭示其利润分配的真实动因,解读管理者传递的公司内部信息,从而预测其未来发展前景,评价其投资价值。     

试论现金流量表分析指标体系的构建

现金流量表是反映企业一定会计期间内现金及现金等价物流入和流出信息的动态会计报表。科学地分析和充分利用现金流量表信息,是报表使用者进行正确决策的前提之一。因此本文拟构建以偿债能力、收益质量、营运效率、发展状况、社会贡献能力为分析目标的指标体系来补充丰富传统的会计报表指标分析体系,从而更全面深入地评价企业的财务状况。     

关于建立我国财务报表保险制度的构想

本文认为,在我国建立财务报表保险制度,可以从根本上解决目前存在的审计独立性问题,实现风险转移,有效保障投资者的利益,促使上市公司提高财务报表的质量;在此基础上对我国财务报表保险制度的基本框架进行了设计,提出了建立我国财务报表保险制度需进一步完善的配套措施。     

The Role of Financial,Macroeconomic, and Non-financial Information in Bank Loan Default Timing Prediction

We assess the use of bank loan information in predicting the timing to default. We use unique data on defaults in small and medium enterprises maintained by the Central Bank of Portugal which includes financial accounting and macroeconomic indicators, as well as non-financial information. The findings are indicative of the incremental predictive ability of non-financial information over and above macroeconomic and financial accounting information in the baseline, industry, and in- and out-of-sample models. Specifically, total credit secured by firms is, as expected, negatively and significantly related to default. Gross domestic product is negatively and significantly related to default, and benchmark market rate is positively and significantly associated with default. The findings also reveal that firms which are operated by partners, which have stronger financial support from partners, and which possess operational assets exhibit lower hazards of default. The study indicates that non-financial information and macroeconomic indicators assessed alongside financial accounting data can significantly improve the forecasting performance of default models.