综合发力促进虚拟电厂可持续发展

随着所有工商业用户全部进入电力市场,用户侧参与电网互动和交易的政策机制逐步成熟,尤其近两年国内缺电严重,多个省份陆续颁布了需求响应、虚拟电厂相关交易规则。笔者所在团队近两年围绕虚拟电厂的建设与运营开展了一系列的研究和实践工作。本文简要介绍团队在广东省的虚拟电厂实践案例,并提出对于虚拟电厂发展的系列思考,希望能够为虚拟电厂从业者和关注者提供有益借鉴。     

虚拟建设—新型的工程项目管理组织模式

现代信息技术和通讯技术的高速发展对工程项目管理的思想，组织，方法和手段产生了深远的影响，并且已逐渐在改变着工程项目管理的组织模式，章分析了虚拟建设产生的背景，提出了虚拟建设的概念和内涵，概述了虚拟建设实施过程的方法和手段，以期对虚拟建设这种新型的工程项目管理模式的实践起指导作用。     

虚拟建设的由来及其内涵分析

在分析国内外相关理论研究和实践成果的基础上，指出虚拟建设是现代科学技术和管理模式与工程项目建设相结合的产物，应包含技术层面和组织管理层面两层涵义，并且应该是两的集成。末给出了虚拟建设模式。     

虚拟建设的发展、内涵与组织管理流程

建筑企业若想在激烈的竞争中取得有力的地位，就必须提高自己的管理水平和竞争能力，而虚拟建设就是建筑企业提高竞争力的一条有效途径。文章从计算机技术与建筑业的结合入手研究虚拟建设的发展，揭示虚拟建设的内涵，构建了虚拟项目组织的管理流程。     

浅谈项目管理过程中团队的建设

项目的成败取决于团队工作的成效,工作成效又受到项目团队建设的影响。本文阐述了项目团队建设过程的四个阶段,从分析加强项目团队建设的重要性出发,提出了项目经理的培养和良好团队建设方法的运用是建设好团队的必要条件。     

试论员工团队建设是优秀企业文化的根基

在一个企业中，每一个员工都不是孤立存在的，从公司整体到公司设立的每一个相关部门，都是有必然联系的一个团队，员工团队就是企业为达成发展愿景，以共同价值观念和行业准则凝聚在一起的协作组织。     

以人为本诚信立业努力创建广西文明行业

创建文明行业是群众性精神文明创建活动的重要组成部分，是把行业两个文明建设紧密结合、落实到基层的有效载体，是促进行业经济效益和社会效益的内在需要。2002年中央文明委下发了《关于深入开展创建文明行业工作和若干意见》，召开了全国创建文明行业工作现场经验交流会，对全国的创建文明行业工作作出了新的部署和要求。党的十六大十分重视精神文明建设，     

浅谈会计教学团队建设

会计教学团队建设应该以课程建设为核心任务,在教学内容上应当与时俱进、及时更新,在教学手段上应当要讲求实效,还必须抓好师资队伍建设这一根本,以达到团队建设目标。本文介绍了济南大学管理学院会计教学团队的一些做法和经验。     

以“情感管理” 打造高效班组

随着企业竞争的需要，企业的发展渐渐从关注个人发展转移到了关注团队的发展。而我们对企业中团队概念的理解，从企业的基层到企业的高层不断的丰富。班组其实就是团队中的一种形式，班组的建设是企业团队建设的基础，可称为企业团队建设的细胞工程。企业的发展离不开高绩效班组的支持，情感管理是一种被实践证明的行之有效的高效管理模式。在这里我们引入“情感管理”来打造全新的高效班组。     

关系维度因素控制下的虚拟研发团队知识网络衰变过程分析

虚拟研发团队在研发运作过程中由于受到内外部因素的威胁,其知识网络极有可能出现衰变的现象.通过分析虚拟研发团队知识网络的衰变类型及影响因素,建立燕尾突变模型并合理地给出模型中虚拟研发团队知识网络的衰变判据,直观描述出受关系雏度因素控制的虚拟研发团队知识网络突变式衰变过程,从而有利于对虚拟研发团队研发行为进行有效的预测和控制.     

The Moderating Effects of Virtuality on the Antecedents and Outcome of NPD Team Trust

The fundamental dynamics of virtual and traditional face-to-face teams may be very different. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine and assess the moderating effects of virtuality on the antecedents and outcome of trust, where virtuality is measured along a continuum from face to face (no virtuality) to fully virtual rather than the more common approach of dichotomizing teams into two groups (i.e., face to face and virtual). The sample includes 116 different new product development teams from a variety of industries. The antecedents of trust that are studied are familiarity, goal clarity, training, relationship conflict, and process conflict. The outcome of trust is analyzed by determining how the impact of trust on cooperation changes as the level of virtuality changes. Primary findings are as follows: (1) Relationship conflict can be more detrimental to virtual teams than face-to-face teams because it is very difficult for team members of virtual teams to resolve their interpersonal disputes; (2) goal clarity is more important for face-to-face teams and less important for virtual teams in creating trust among team members; and (3) the impact of trust on cooperation is less for virtual teams than face-to-face teams. The primary implication for researchers and practice of these findings is that the role and importance of trust in virtual teams needs to be reevaluated. Managers using virtual teams need to realize that interpersonal relationships in virtual teams do not evolve in the same manner as face-to-face teams and may require different management techniques to be successful.     

An investigation of the use of global, virtual, and colocated new product development teams

This paper presents the results of an investigation of differences between global, virtual and colocated new product development (NPD) teams. Specifically, we examined whether and how these three types of teams differed in terms of usage, challenges, and performance. A survey of PDMA members was undertaken to collect the data. Out of 103 firms participating in the survey, 54 had used or were using global teams for some of their NPD efforts. Overall, we found that the use of global teams in our respondent firms is rapidly increasing. Our respondents indicated that by the year 2001, approximately one out of every five NPD teams in their companies are likely to be global. However, our respondents also expect that their companies will be using multiple types of teams that is, global, virtual, and colocated, to develop their new products. Our findings also suggest that global teams generally face greater behavioral and project management challenges than either colocated or virtual teams. Global team performance is also lower than the performance of virtual or colocated teams. Are these challenges associated with poorer performance? In examining this question, our results suggest that greater project management challenges are associated with lower performance, for all three types of teams. Surprisingly, behavioral challenges were not associated with performance for any team type. Our results suggest that firms face different problems associated with managing each type of NPD team—global, virtual and colocated. To effectively manage each type of team may, in turn, require that companies and their managers employ different solutions to these different problems. Additionally, companies may find that the preparation they provide to their managers and team members to work in these different team environments may also need to be different. Further research is clearly needed to address these managerial implications.     

Can You Hear Me Now? Communication in Virtual Product Development Teams*

Globalization and technological advances are driving organizations to extend the boundaries of new product development (NPD) teams from traditional colocated settings to dispersed or virtual settings. Virtual NPD teams have a wide array of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at their disposal. ICTs allow team members to communicate and collaborate as they cope with the opportunities and challenges of cross‐boundary work. The purpose of this paper is to explore ICT use by members of virtual NPD teams. This study presents an exploratory test and integration of two competing perspectives of media use in virtual teams: media capacity theories and social dynamic media theories. Specifically, this paper examines the role of task type, organizational context, and ICT type as critical contingency variables affecting ICT use. It also examines how different patterns of ICT use relate to individual perceptions of team performance. The findings from this study of 184 members of virtual NPD teams in three global firms suggest that communication via ICTs in virtual NPD teams is contingent on a range of factors.     

How Teamwork Matters More as Team Member Dispersion Increases*

Product development teams become increasingly dispersed because innovative project tasks require the input of specialized knowledge at multiple locations. Prior analyses indicate that as team member dispersion increases teams find it more difficult to perform high‐quality teamwork. Moreover, the literature has largely assumed that the performance effect of teamwork in innovative projects would be driven by the nature of the project task and that this would be true regardless of the degree to which team members were co‐located. The present study argues, however, that teamwork affects team performance more strongly as team member dispersion increases. Two main reasons for this are discussed: (1) High‐quality teamwork can leverage the increased knowledge potential of dispersed teams; and (2) team leaders in more dispersed teams have little possibility to compensate low‐quality teamwork through hands‐on leadership. Responses from 575 managers, team leaders, and team members of 145 new product development (NPD) projects in the software industry were used to analyze the moderating effect of team member proximity on the relationship between teamwork quality and team performance. Using regression analysis, support is found for the initial hypothesis that team member dispersion moderates the relationship between teamwork quality and team performance, that is, that increasing team member dispersion increases the positive impact of teamwork quality on team performance. As such, the present analysis advances understanding of dispersed teams, showing that teamwork quality not only is more difficult to achieve but also is more critical to team performance as team dispersion increases. Furthermore, low‐proximity teams can reach higher levels of effectiveness and efficiency than co‐located ones if they manage to achieve high levels of teamwork over distance. Thus, team dispersion may well be an opportunity and should not just be regarded as a liability to be overcome or avoided. This research recognizes that the vast majority of teams are neither perfectly co‐located nor perfectly virtual. There are many shades of gray between these two extremes, and various individual, team, task, and contextual characteristics may have an effect on how decreases—however small—in geographical proximity affect the process and performance of teams. Future research is encouraged to address such factors at different levels of analysis aimed at providing managers with recommendations for dispersed teamwork.     

An analysis of predictors of team satisfaction in product development teams with differing levels of virtualness

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine and assess the moderating effects of extent of virtualness on a variety of well-established predictors of new product development team satisfaction. We focus our study on 178 different new product development teams from a variety of industries and use extent of virtualness as a structural characteristic of the teams, measuring it on a continuum. The predictors of team satisfaction we studied are relationship conflict, familiarity, goal clarity and preference for group work. Primary findings include: (1) relationship conflict has a more deleterious effect on team member satisfaction as teams become more virtual, mainly because it is very difficult for team members of virtual teams to resolve their interpersonal disputes; (2) the relationship between preference for group work and team satisfaction is moderated by extent of virtualness, such that preference for group work increases team satisfaction more as virtualness increases; (3) goal clarity and familiarity are not moderated by extent of virtualness, but have a significant direct effect on team satisfaction. Managerial and research implications of these findings relative to new product development teams are also discussed.     

Emotions and the spatialisation of social relations in text‐based computer‐mediated communication

This paper advances our knowledge of emotions in virtual teams using text‐based computer‐mediated communication. The literature's preoccupation with the absence of physical cues of emotion has meant we lack both an understanding of how emotions are co‐constructed through interaction and an explanation of their role in the social relations of virtual teams. Adopting a communicative view of emotion, we present the findings of a longitudinal study of a virtual team within a transnational collaborative project. We present three aspects of interaction that demonstrate how team members' experience and understanding of the emotions expressed through, and suppressed from, text‐based messages are influenced by the styles and patterns of interaction enabled by technology. Where our three aspects tend towards stasis, we argue that emotion provides a temporal dimension to a process of ‘spatialising’ social relations by connoting what should change, or what should endure, between people.     

Teams investing their knowledge shares in the stock market of virtuality: a gain or a loss?

Best knowledge-sharing practices in team-based work are a 'must' for success in flexible and adaptable organisation forms. This research study provides actionable insights on how managers can enhance the knowledge worker's willingness to collaborate in a specific type of virtual teaming, the learning team, and build better communication and collaboration practices in and between these teams.     

Other voices,other rooms: differentiating social identity development in organisational and Pro‐Am virtual teams

This paper advocates a social identity approach as a way to overcome the normative limitations of existing virtual team identity research. We also explore how social identity understandings of virtual team identity could benefit from incorporating comparisons between organisational and professional amateur virtual teams; and a focus on technologically mediated dialogues.     

New Product Strategy, Structure, Process, and Performance in the Telecommunications Industry

A continuous flow of new products is the lifeblood for firms that hope to remain competitive in high-technology industries such as telecommunications. Faced with rapidly shrinking product life cycles, these firms must aggressively pursue the quest for more effective new product development (NPD). Ongoing success in such industries is dependent on choosing the right mix of new product strategy, organizational structure, and NPD processes. Rather than considering the interrelationships among these success factors, however, most previous studies of NPD have examined these issues individually. This shortcoming is compounded by the fact that past studies of NPD have typically cut across industry lines. Gloria Barczak addresses these problems by proposing that a firm's choice of new product strategy, structure, and process are interrelated, as are the effects of those choices on NPD performance. Because these choices and their effects also may be dependent on the unique characteristics of the industry in which a firm competes, her study focuses exclusively on firms in a specific, high-technology industry, telecommunications. The study finds that no single NPD strategy, in and of itself, stands out as being better than any other for the telecommunications industry. Instead, it appears that a company's focus should be on ensuring the best possible fit between its chosen NPD strategy and its corporate goals and capabilities. In keeping with the current focus on cross-functional teams, the study results indicate that project teams and R&D teams are the most effective means for organizing NPD efforts in the telecommunications industry. Perhaps not surprisingly, R&D teams are more important for first-to-market firms than they are for fast followers and late entrants. An R&D team provides the technical skills necessary for playing the role of pioneer. Regardless of the firm's NPD strategy and structure, the presence of a product champion is an important element in the success of new product efforts. In an era of rapid, technological advances, idea generation and screening efforts are essential to the success of telecommunications firms. To ensure that they do not fall into the trap of introducing technology for technology's sake, pioneering and fast-follower firms in particular must recognize the importance of staying in touch with their markets. Such market-oriented activities as customer prototype testing and concept definition and testing can help these firms ensure that their technological developments are in line with customer needs and requirements.     

在联营体基础上实施建筑企业虚拟化组织模式创新

世界经济一体化和信息技术改革在给建筑业带来空前竞争压力的同时，也必将引发一场轰轰烈烈的行业革命。本结合建筑业的行业特点，借鉴虚拟企业的思想方法，提出在联营体应用实践的基础上实现建筑企业从联营到虚拟化经营的转变，完成建筑企业组织模式创新，从而改变建筑业过度竞争以及低收益的现状。这将使建筑企业既能分享世界经济一体化带来的好处，又能够化解当前的竞争压力，提高自身竞争力，有效应对知识经济带来的挑战。