股票期权文献综述

本文通过对股票期权相关理论的综述，总结股票期权的激励效应，根据我国实施股票期权的现状，提出股票期权实施计划的建议。     

对经营者股票期权会计核算和信息披露的探讨

近年来,我国在上海、武汉、深圳等地进行了经营者股票期权激励的有益探索,包括从股票期权计划的设计到应用。由于缺乏相应的法规政策,众多企业在实际操作过程中没有进行会计核算,只是予以备查登记。为了促进股票期权计划的规范和有效实施,会计处理方法和程序亟待解决。本文拟对经营者股票期权的一些会计问题做初步探讨。     

民营科技企业实施股票期权计划的内部环境优化

民营科技企业实施股票期权计划离不开相应的环境和条件,目前股票期权制度在我国还很不规范,实施股票期权计划的民营科技企业要在这种不规范中达到预期的目的十分不易,这就更加需要民营科技企业转换观念特别是收益分配的观念,正确理解和认识股票期权的真正内涵以及实施股票期权计划所要解决的根本问题。     

美国股票期权会计变革与借鉴

股票期权的会计处理是期权计划中非常重要的内容,不解决与其相关的会计问题,股票期权计划就无法进行规范的操作和实施。本文拟对美国股票期权会计的产生、发展进行分析,以期为完善和规范我国股票期权制度提供参考。     

我国上市公司股票期权方案设计

本文就我国上市公司实施股票期权计划方案设计的难点和解决思路以及如何设计一套适合我国企业目前情况的股票期权计划进行了探讨.     

美国股票期权激励制度及其启示

美国是实施股票期权激励计划最早、最成功的国家.股票期权作为一种新型的激励工具,将经营者的报酬和公司的经营业绩结合在一起,大大地提高了经营者的积极性.本文首先对美国股票期权激励制度的产生、发展及其激励效果进行了论述;其次指出了我国对股票期权激励制度认识的几点误区;最后得出美国股票期权激励制度中存在的我国进行股票期权激励计划可以借鉴的地方.     

我国上市公司股票期权方案设计

本就我国上市公司实施股票期权计划方案设计的难点和解决思路以及如何设计一套适合我国企业目前情况的股票期权计划进行了探讨。     

股票期权会计处理浅见

股票期权作为一种激励经营者努力工作的报酬计划,产生于20世纪70~80年代的美国,到90年代,已经在美国与西方其他国家得到快速发展。我国的很多企业也开始实施股票期权,以提高公司治理效率。股票期权的会计处理问题,也成为理论界和实务界议论的焦点。本文通过分析目前国际国内对股票期权的会计方法,提出对我国股票期权会计处理的一些建议。     

公司法的修改对实施股票期权计划的影响

我国现行公司法中的某些规定阻碍了股票期权计划的实施,本文在分析现行公司法的这些不足之后,讨论了公司法修订草案对实施股票期权计划带来的新的转机.     

美国股票期权激励制度及其启示

美国是实施股票期权激励计划最早、最成功的国家。股票期权作为一种新型的激励工具，将经营者的报酬和公司的经营业绩结合在一起，大大地提高了经营者的积极性。本文首先对美国股票期权激励制度的产生、发展及其激励效果进行了论述；其次指出了我国对股票期权激励制度认识的几点误区；最后得出美国股票期权激励制度中存在的我国进行股票期权激励计划可以借鉴的地方。     

再装期权定价及其在经理激励中的应用

期权及其定价理论是目前金融管理,金融工程研究的前沿与热点问题。在标的资产的价格服从指数O-U过程模型假设下,运用Girsanov定理获得了该过程的唯一等价鞅测度。借助期权定价的鞅方法,得出了再装期权定价模型的定价公式。同时,将此模型用于经理股票期权激励中并进行了分析。     

Give everyone a prize? Employee stock options in private venture-backed firms

This study examines employee stock options in private entrepreneurial companies. I focus on private U.S. venture-backed firms because they are renowned for the intensity and organizational depth of their stock option grants. Contrary to simple stereotype, however, I show that 27% of U.S. venture-backed firms do not grant stock options to all employees. I seek to explain this by theorizing that the economic and legal settings in which venture-backed companies exist lead to both costs and benefits from the use of stock options to attract, compensate, incent, monitor, and retain certain employees, and that sometimes the costs exceed the benefits. I test the theory by determining whether variation in the organizational depth to which venture-backed firms grant employee stock options can be explained by proxies for these economic and legal costs. Such proxies include the fraction of employees who are in technical positions; the degree of flatness in the firm's organizational structure; its proximity to other venture-backed companies; the number of patents it has been granted; and the fraction of equity held by venture investors. The results support the theory and thereby imply that venture-backed firms grant employee stock options in an economically sophisticated manner.     

The Ethics of Managerial Compensation: The Case of Executive Stock Options

This paper examines the ethics of contemporary managerial compensation in the context of executive stock options. Economic considerations would dictate that executive stock options should be adjusted to eliminate the effect of overall stock market movements which are beyond the control of the executive. However, in practice, most executive stock options are not adjusted to control for these outside factors. Agency considerations are the most likely culprit. Adjusting for the influence of outside factors, such as a generally rising stock market, from executive stock options sets a higher bar for managers to reach. Furthermore, traditional accounting standards permitted firms that did not adjust options to avoid reporting options as expenses. This presents CEOs and boards of directors with a major ethical dilemma. On the one hand, their duty to their shareholders and stakeholders dictates that executive stock options should be adjusted to eliminate outside noise from unrelated movements in the overall stock market. However, financial statements are presented in the language of accounting. If the overwhelming majority of the users of a language define a particular item in one way, then to deviate from the norm implies that the recipient of such a deviant statement may not properly interpret the statement. Likewise, if the standard practice is for firms to use unadjusted options and thus under-report expenses, to deviate from this industry norm risks that users of financial statements would not properly interpret the financial statements, with perhaps negative consequences for the shareholders. In short, if “everyone else does it,” then it could be wrong for an individual firm to deviate from the norm as that would harm the shareholders. James J. Angel is an Associate Professor of Finance at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. He is a financial expert whose research focuses on the operation of financial markets in the United States and other countries. He currently serves on the OTCBB Advisory Board, and he has served as Chair of the Nasdaq Economic Advisory Council. He earned his undergraduate degree from the California Institute of Technology, his MBA from the Harvard Business School, and he earned his Ph.D. in Finance from the University of California at Berkeley. Douglas M. McCabe is a Professor of Management at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. He serves on the Editorial Boards of 20 scholarly journals, including Research on Ethical Issues in Organizations, JAI Press as well as the Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. Considered by the media to be an expert in his field, he has appeared more than 200 times on international (CNN), national (ABC, NBC, and CBS), and local television and radio. He holds a Ph.D. from Cornell University and is a member of Phi Beta Kappa.     

A MULTINOMIAL APPROXIMATION FOR AMERICAN OPTION PRICES IN LÉVY PROCESS MODELS

This paper gives a tree-based method for pricing American options in models where the stock price follows a general exponential Lévy process. A multinomial model for approximating the stock price process, which can be viewed as generalizing the binomial model of Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein (1979) for geometric Brownian motion, is developed. Under mild conditions, it is proved that the stock price process and the prices of American-type options on the stock, calculated from the multinomial model, converge to the corresponding prices under the continuous time Lévy process model. Explicit illustrations are given for the variance gamma model and the normal inverse Gaussian process when the option is an American put, but the procedure is applicable to a much wider class of derivatives including some path-dependent options. Our approach overcomes some practical difficulties that have previously been encountered when the Lévy process has infinite activity.     

经营者股票期权授予数量的确定

经营者股票期权计划是一种被广泛应用的有效的长期激励措施,在此计划中,如何确定经营者的股票期权授予数量是其中关键的一环,此环节包括授予经营者股票期权总量的确定、授予经营者股票期权余额总量的确定和授予经营者个人股票期权数量的确定三个方面。应由股东会议决定选择何种方法计算和决定经营者的股票期权数量。     

试论我国股票权证市场的发展模式

我国发展股票权证市场已经势在必行,但是在市场发展模式的选择上仍存在争议.文章从全球视野出发,总结衍生权证与股票期权等市场模式的发展情况和优缺点,并在此基础上,提出了我国股票权证市场应当选择股票期权为主的发展模式等相关建议.     

Stock option taxation: a missing piece in European innovation policy?

Europe continues to lag behind the USA in venture capital (VC) activity and in the creation of successful startups, and has recently been surpassed by China. This is despite the fact that many European countries have deep financial markets, strong legal institutions, and high R&D spending. We point to the tax treatment of employee stock options as an explanation for the stronger growth of the US VC sector. As a response to high uncertainty and transaction costs, VC financiers have developed a model in which founders and key recruitments are compensated with stock options under complex contracts. Low tax rates on employee stock options further raise the relative returns of working and investing in innovative entrepreneurial firms, and shift financial capital and talent to that sector. We measure the effective tax on stock options in VC-backed entrepreneurial firms in a number of developed economies. Countries with lower stock option taxation have higher VC activity and more high-growth expectation entrepreneurial activity. Based on these associations and the theoretical and empirical literature, we argue that more lenient taxation of gains on employee stock options can be a strategy for European countries to catch up in entrepreneurial finance. This tax policy would narrowly target entrepreneurial startups without requiring broad tax cuts. The favorable tax treatment of stock options allows the state to promote firms that rely on entrepreneurial finance and make use of these types of contracts without lowering taxes for other sectors of the economy.     

QUANTO LOOKBACK OPTIONS

The lookback feature in a quanto option refers to the payoff structure where the terminal payoff of the quanto option depends on the realized extreme value of either the stock price or the exchange rate. In this paper, we study the pricing models of European and American lookback options with the quanto feature. The analytic price formulas for two types of European-style quanto lookback options are derived. The success of the analytic tractability of these quanto lookback options depends on the availability of a succinct analytic representation of the joint density function of the extreme value and terminal value of the stock price and exchange rate. We also analyze the early exercise policies and pricing behaviors of the quanto lookback options with the American feature. The early exercise boundaries of these American quanto lookback options exhibit properties that are distinctive from other two-state American option models.     

The Role of Executive Stock Options in On‐Market Share Buybacks*

The increasing use of on‐market buyback programs in Australia may not be fully explained by the typical motivations of information signaling and free cash flows offered by previous researchers. For some firms at least, management may believe the shares are overvalued. It is in this context that we examine whether managers of firms with high levels of executive stock options have an incentive to initiate buyback programs. It has been argued that managers may be motivated to undertake on‐market buyback programs in order to neutralize the dilution of earnings per share caused by their stock options, rather than for signaling purposes. Our findings are consistent with this argument because we find that the higher the proportion of executive stock options outstanding the more likely it is for firms to undertake larger on‐market buyback programs. Overall our results indicate that the existence of executive stock options influences managers' decision to implement on‐market buyback programs but that it is not the only factor that managers take into consideration.     

PORTFOLIOS OF AMERICAN OPTIONS UNDER GENERAL PREFERENCES: RESULTS AND COUNTEREXAMPLES

We consider the optimal exercise of a portfolio of American call options in an incomplete market. Options are written on a single underlying asset but may have different characteristics of strikes, maturities, and vesting dates. Our motivation is to model the decision faced by an employee who is granted options periodically on the stock of her company, and who is not permitted to trade this stock. The first part of our study considers the optimal exercise of single options. We prove results under minimal assumptions and give several counterexamples where these assumptions fail—describing the shape and nesting properties of the exercise regions. The second part of the study considers portfolios of options with differing characteristics. The main result is that options with comonotonic strike, maturity, and vesting date should be exercised in order of increasing strike. It is true under weak assumptions on preferences and requires no assumptions on prices. Potentially the exercise ordering result can significantly reduce the complexity of computations in a particular example. This is illustrated by solving the resulting dynamic programming problem in a constant absolute risk aversion utility indifference model.