A Model of QE,Reserve Demand,and the Money Multiplier

Quantitative easing (QE) programs have driven unprecedented expansions in the supply of central bank reserves around the world over the past two decades, fundamentally changing the implementation of monetary policy. The collapse in money multipliers following QE episodes has often been interpreted as implying banks are happy to passively hold most of the reserves created by QE. This paper develops a simple microsimulation model of the banking sector that adapts the traditional money multiplier model and allows for bank reserve demand to be inferred from monetary aggregates. The model allows the use of unwanted reserves by banks to play out over time alongside QE purchases and incorporates both significantly higher reserve demand after 2008 and capital constraints. With these additions, the model explains the persistently lower money multipliers seen in the United States following QE, as well as the growth in commercial bank deposits. The model suggests the demand from banks for reserves has increased substantially since the introduction of QE but not to the point where banks are passively absorbing all newly created reserves.     

Roads, Land Use, and Deforestation: A Spatial Model Applied to Belize

Rural roads promote economic development, but they also facilitatedeforestation. To explore this tradeoff, this article developsa spatially explicit model of land use and estimates probabilitiesof alternative land uses as a function of land characteristicsand distance to market using a multinomial logit specificationof this model. Controls are incorporated for the endogeneityof road placement. The model is applied to data for southern Belize, an area experiencingrapid expansion of both subsistence and commercial agriculture,using geographic information system (GIS) techniques to selectsample points at 1-kilometer intervals. Market access, landquality, and tenure status affect the probability of agriculturalland use synergistically, having differential effects on thelikelihood of commercial versus semisubsistence farming. Theresults suggest that road building in areas with agriculturallypoor soils and low population densities may be a "lose-lose"proposition, causing habitat fragmentation and providing loweconomic returns.     

A New Model of Inflation,Trend Inflation,and Long‐Run Inflation Expectations

This paper develops a bivariate model of inflation and a survey‐based long‐run forecast of inflation that allows for the estimation of the link between trend inflation and the long‐run forecast. Thus, our model allows for the possibilities that long‐run forecasts taken from surveys can be equated with trend inflation, that the two are completely unrelated, or anything in between. Using a variety of inflation measures and survey‐based forecasts for several countries, we find that long‐run forecasts can provide substantial help in refining estimates and fitting and forecasting inflation. It is less helpful to simply equate trend inflation with the long‐run forecasts.     

Asymmetric Information,Bank Lending,and Implicit Contracts: A Stylized Model of Customer Relationships

Customer relationships arise between banks and firms because, in the process of lending, a bank learns more than others about its own customers. This information asymmetry allows lenders to capture some of the rents generated by their older customers; competition thus drives banks to lend to new firms at interest rates which initially generate expected losses. As a result, the allocation of capital is shifted toward lower quality and inexperienced firms. This inefficiency is eliminated if complete contingent contracts are written or, when this is costly, if banks can make nonbinding commitments that, in equilibrium, are backed by reputation.     

A Model of Mortgage Default

In this paper, we solve a dynamic model of households' mortgage decisions incorporating labor income, house price, inflation, and interest rate risk. Using a zero‐profit condition for mortgage lenders, we solve for equilibrium mortgage rates given borrower characteristics and optimal decisions. The model quantifies the effects of adjustable versus fixed mortgage rates, loan‐to‐value ratios, and mortgage affordability measures on mortgage premia and default. Mortgage selection by heterogeneous borrowers helps explain the higher default rates on adjustable‐rate mortgages during the recent U.S. housing downturn, and the variation in mortgage premia with the level of interest rates.     

GARCH模型在研究股市交易量与股价关系中的应用

本文运用Granger因果检验和扩展GARCH模型实证研究了深圳A股市场交易量与股价之间的关系.得到了如下结论交易量变量和收益率、波动率存在双向Granger因果关系;交易量只能在有限程度内解释波动率的持续性,深圳股市还存在其他影响波动率持续性的因素.     

A Model of Shadow Banking

We present a model of shadow banking in which banks originate and trade loans, assemble them into diversified portfolios, and finance these portfolios externally with riskless debt. In this model: outside investor wealth drives the demand for riskless debt and indirectly for securitization, bank assets and leverage move together, banks become interconnected through markets, and banks increase their exposure to systematic risk as they reduce idiosyncratic risk through diversification. The shadow banking system is stable and welfare improving under rational expectations, but vulnerable to crises and liquidity dry‐ups when investors neglect tail risks.     

A Simple Multi-Factor,Time-Dependent-Parameter Model for the Term Structure of Interest Rates

In this paper, we present a simple version of the Duffie and Kan model (1996). Our model can perfectly fit the yield curve and the volatility curve and further provide true closed form solutions to the pure discount bond price and its European contingent claims. Due to the specific factor structure in our model, the calibration exercise is easy to implement. This advantage will improve the computational efficiency in pricing American style claims.     

“濮阳模式”的现状、问题及对策探讨

本文主要结合笔者基层实践经历和濮阳当地实际情况,从濮阳市农村贷款互助合作社的组织架构及规模、风险防控、盈利模式、指导思想几个方面来介绍＂濮阳模式＂;在此基础上,分别从发展目标、法律地位、群众基础、员工管理机制、小组联保制度等方面探讨＂濮阳模式＂凸显的一些问题;最后提出几点相关的政策思考。     

A Model of Stochastic-Dynamic Prognosis

Abstract

The conventional applications of the theory of risk concern many important sides of the insurance business, e.g. evaluating the stability, estimating a suitable level for maximum net retention, safety loading or the funds. Whether or not the applications have been useful for practical management may have depend very much on how the risk theoretical treatments have been linked with the complexity of various other aspects involved with the actual decision making. Quite obviously the difficulties in this respect have been considerable, probably sometimes quite overwhelming, according to opinions sometimes expressed that the risk theory is lacking in any practical value. Our purpose is to attack just this problem and to endeavour to build up a picture of the management process of the insurance business in its entirety (as far as possible) and to place the risk theoretical aspects in it as a part among numerous other parts, most of which are not of an actuarial character. In this way some of the classical applications of risk theory are amalgamated with the ideas of modern business planning, especially with the technics of long-range prognoses on the basis of different, often alternative preassumptions or, as it is often called, different business strategies. The main ideas are outlined in the study book of risk theory by Beard-Pentikainen-Pesonen (1969), chapter 13.     

技术引进、自主创新与就业——基于动态空间面板模型的实证研究

基于1995-2015年中国各省的面板数据,运用动态空间杜宾模型考察技术进步对就业的直接效应和空间溢出效应。结果显示：短期的技术引进促进了就业增长,但其对就业的溢出效应不显著;而长期的技术引进并不能持续地带来就业增加,反而会对就业造成破坏效应。自主创新对就业短期以破坏效应为主,但长期的自主创新促进了就业的增加,并且从经济距离权重下的就业效应来看,自主创新吸纳了相近经济水平区域的劳动力,空间溢出效应为负。现阶段我国自主创新的就业效应不受经济发展水平影响,但经济发展水平越高的地区,技术引进对就业的拉动作用越弱。     

Mortgage Lending, Race, and Model Specification

This study examines the role of race in home mortgage lending by investigating the sensitivity of race estimates to variations in model specification. I compare parameter estimates based on a statistical model utilized by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, using a subset of the data that corresponds to FDIC-supervised institutions, with estimates obtained from several alternative variations specified to reflect information obtained from reviews of the mortgage loan application files. Estimates of the race effect are shown to be highly sensitive to the assumptions that underlie the model; minor modifications in model specification are sufficient to eliminate the race effect. The empirical results suggest that the statistical models used to evaluate the impact of race in mortgage lending may not provide reliable information about lending bias.     

A Model of Systemic Bank Runs

We develop a tractable model of systemic bank runs. The market-based banking system features a two-layer structure: banks with heterogeneous fundamentals face potential runs by their creditors while they trade short-term funding in the asset (interbank) market in response to creditor withdrawals. The possibility of a run on a particular bank depends on its assets' interim liquidation value, and this value depends endogenously in turn on the status of other banks in the asset market. The within-bank coordination problem among creditors and the cross-bank price externality feed into each other. A small shock can be amplified into a systemic crisis.     

A Semiparametric Two-Factor Term Structure Model

This article proposes a semiparametric two-factor term structuremodel based on a consol rate and the spread between a shortrate and the consol rate. The diffusion functions in both theconsol rate and spread processes are nonparametrically specifiedso that the model allows for maximal flexibility of diffusionfunctions in fitting into data. The drift function of the spreadprocess is specified as a mean-reverting function, while thedrift function of the consol rate process is left unrestricted.A nonparametric procedure is developed for estimating the diffusionfunctions. The asymptotic biases of the nonparametric estimatorsare quantified when the step of discretization is fixed, whilethe asymptotic distributions of the nonparametric estimatorsare derived when the step of discretization tends to zero. Thepricing and hedging performances of the model are evaluatedin a simulated economic environment. Results show that the modelperforms quite well in the simulated economy.     

马哈蒂尔主义对不发达地区的借鉴意义

在国际上,凡是能够既能抵御外国势力的侵略,又能凝聚起民族精神的人都被人们公认为民族英雄.从20世纪初期开始,许多国家都诞生了具有时代意义的巨星.他们当中的不少人都有跻身世纪名人的资格,如俄罗斯的列宁、土耳其的凯末尔、印度的甘地、印度尼西亚的苏加诺、埃及的纳赛尔等等.但是随着时间的推移,他们当中的一些人,头上的光环开始慢慢地减色.什么原因呢?     

A General Affine Earnings Valuation Model

We introduce a methodology, with two applications, that incorporates stochastic interest rates, heteroskedasticity and risk aversion into the residual income model. In the first application, goodwill is an affine (constant plus linear term) function where the constant and linear coefficients are time-varying. Homoskedastic risk gives rise to a constant risk premium, while heteroskedastic risk gives rise to linear state-dependent risk premiums. In the second application, we present a class of models where a non-linear function for the price-to-book ratio can be derived. We show how interest rates, risk, profitability and growth affect the price-to-book ratio.     

A Labor Capital Asset Pricing Model

We show that labor search frictions are an important determinant of the cross‐section of equity returns. Empirically, we find that firms with low loadings on labor market tightness outperform firms with high loadings by 6% annually. We propose a partial equilibrium labor market model in which heterogeneous firms make dynamic employment decisions under labor search frictions. In the model, loadings on labor market tightness proxy for priced time‐variation in the efficiency of the aggregate matching technology. Firms with low loadings are more exposed to adverse matching efficiency shocks and require higher expected stock returns.