天使众筹联合投资网络结构及动态演变的探索性研究

天使众筹通过开放的互联网平台连接投资人与创业者,使得天使众筹联合投资网络的形成情境不同于风险投资联合投资网络。基于2015—2018年蚂蚁天使众筹平台联合投资数据,分析天使众筹联合投资网络结构特征与演变趋势,结果表明,天使众筹联合投资网络与风险投资联合投资网络具有显著差异,前者是强凝聚性和高开放性并存的网络,后者则是弱凝聚性和低开放性并存的网络。结论可丰富联合投资网络和众筹领域的理论研究,有助于深入分析天使众筹联合投资网络及其在数字经济时代的作用。     

Can entrepreneurship bring happiness? Evidence from China

This paper investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and the happiness of entrepreneurs. We estimate the effects of entrepreneurial decision-making, business experience and other factors on happiness by using China Household Finance Survey data. Our results derived from maximum likelihood estimation methods indicate that entrepreneurial decision-making and entrepreneurial experience affect household happiness significantly. The family well-being is significantly increased if the family is entrepreneurial, and it will be higher if actively entrepreneurial. Both entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial investment of time have significantly positive effect on the probability of family well-being. In addition, we find that the mechanism by which entrepreneurship brings happiness to households is through raising household income and wealth, that is, income effects and wealth effects.     

Migration and intention to return: entrepreneurial intentions of the diaspora in post-conflict economies

This article examines the intentions of the diaspora to return to their homeland and engage in entrepreneurial activity. We focus on post-conflict economies where the development potential of return migration is significant. Our article demonstrates that the entrepreneurial intentions of returning diaspora are affected by their level of trust and perceptions of risk in institutions at home. Through a survey of diaspora returning to Kosovo, the paper finds that business experience has a negative relationship on probability to return, but it has a positive relationship on entrepreneurial intentions. However, those with professional and qualified jobs are more likely to have intentions to return, but less likely to have entrepreneurial intentions. The paper contributes to academic research on the central importance of institutions to post-conflict development, demonstrating that by enhancing the institutional environment investment can be attracted home.     

Commitment to Rules on Investment: The Developing Countries' Stake

This study examines foreign direct investment into developing countries, and the stake those countries have in liberalizing or restricting these long-term investments. Of particular interest is the stake the developing countries might have in committing to codes or multilateral agreements on investments. Clear advantages to commitment are identified, involving attracting investments that would not occur otherwise. But disadvantages are also identified, involving the possible loss of rents to host countries that might have been captured in the absence of binding codes.     

How former business owners fare in the labor market? Job assignment and earnings

This study uses detailed longitudinal matched employer–employee data to examine the impact of entrepreneurial experience on job assignments, careers, and wages. The results suggest that there are significant differences in career mobility between former business owners and workers who were always wage employees. Former business owners enter firms at higher job levels and progress faster up the hierarchy than wage employees without entrepreneurial experience. The majority of the former business owners find jobs in small firms. The return to business ownership experience is lower than the return to wage employee experience, thus suggesting that the labor market imposes a penalty for business ownership experience.     

家族信托设立影响家族企业创新投资吗

以家族企业创新投资决策为研究对象，考察家族信托设立如何影响家族企业创新投资，以及两者关系是否在不同成长经历的企业主之间存在差异。结果发现：家族信托设立有助于促进家族企业创新投资；在有过贫困生活经历的企业主中，家族信托与家族企业创新投资间的正向关系更显著。同时，相对于具有体制内工作经历的企业主，在没有体制内工作经历的企业主中，家族信托与家族企业创新投资间的正向关系更显著。研究结论可为理解如何激励家族企业创新投资提供新的研究视角和理论解释。     

论区域投资环境诸要素与吸引投资的关系

良好的区域投资环境是一个地区吸引投资、促进当地经济发展的一个前提条件。被投资方加大吸引投资力度的根本途径在于优化其投资环境。鉴于此,将从政治法律指标、社会文化指标、经济环境指标和自然地理环境4个要素出发,探讨这4个影响吸引投资的重要因素与吸引投资的关系,旨在为各地区综合评价与优化投资环境提供依据,进而探寻其投资环境优化的基本思路与对策。     

Investment credit and child labour

It is generally assumed that credit has a positive effect on children's schooling among poor households. This article shows that need not be the case when households obtain credit for investment purposes. In fact, investment loans may not have any effect on the likelihood of schooling for children who work in their family business. Our estimates confirm that this is the case; credit used to finance investments has no effect on the odds of schooling for employed children. This may be because investment loans increase children's labour productivity, which in turn increases the opportunity cost of schooling. The results of this study suggest that improving access to credit may not, by itself, constitute a solution to the problem of child labour in developing countries.     

天使投资：创业企业融资模式的创新

天使投资将高科技与金融相结合,把资金投入到风险很大的创新项目的研究与开发中,是与传统的投资理念截然不同的一种新型投资方式。天使投资和风险投资在投资规模与阶段上存在着明显的互补关系,一个健康的天使投资市场对风险资本市场的繁荣至关重要。目前,中国天使投资尚处于起步阶段,应借鉴国外经验,充分挖掘其潜力,可通过创业者的诱导和政府的政策鼓励等措施来促进中国天使投资业的发展。     

Malinvestment

In the Austrian business cycle theory, monetary expansion lowers the interest rate and sends misleading relative price signals to investors, who then make investments that turn out to be unprofitable. One criticism of the theory is that if malinvestment is predictable, investors should understand their businesses well enough to see and avoid the temptation to be lured into unprofitable investments. A broader understanding of the Austrian school's framework explains why malinvestment takes place. The economy is a complex order, and while the theory explains that malinvestment will rise during the expansionary phase, it cannot identify which investment projects will eventually become unprofitable, nor can investors themselves tell ahead of time. Furthermore, applying the fallacy of composition, it may be that one investor could profitably invest based on those price signals, but all investors cannot. Monetary expansion lowers the informational content of prices, making it more likely that unprofitable investments will take place. Even if investors become more cautious, the percentage of investment projects that eventually will prove unprofitable will rise.     

Entrepreneurial Migration in an Integrated World

A growing number of developed countries offer entrepreneurial visas as a means of attracting entrepreneurial talent and capital. In this paper, we use a simple two‐sector model of international trade with heterogeneous agents and financial frictions to show that entrepreneurial migration can contribute to the international efficiency of production, even when capital also flows internationally through borrowing and lending and foreign direct investment. In our model, all cross‐border transactions are motivated by cross‐country variations in the quality of financial institutions.     

Political Business Cycles,Elections and Entrepreneurial Finance: A Framework

Political processes affect the real economy. An important channel through which politics affects economics is uncertainty. It has been observed that political uncertainty is high around national elections and negatively affects corporate investments and foreign capital inflows. If national elections affect corporations and foreign investors, we should expect them to also affect entrepreneurial finance provided by investors like venture capitalists (VCs). To add to that, in a complex federal democracy, state level politics is a significant source of political uncertainty. This is the first paper to examine the impact of national and state elections on entrepreneurial finance and provides a framework of VC investment behavior in the face of political uncertainty. We find that VC investments decrease significantly due to political uncertainty around national and state elections. VCs respond strongly to national elections by decreasing the total investment value and the number of deals in election years. However, they give a softer response to regional political uncertainty around state elections by decreasing only the average deal size. The findings have important implications for governments, regulators and policymakers, and open up an opportunity to examine a variety of new questions which can provide a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the impact of elections on VC investments.

     

International Trade Union Organizations

An attempt is made in this article to demonstrate that Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes erected a number of signposts that point in the direction of a normative, institutional and policy-oriented social economics of labor. They opined that dysfunctioning institutions had thrown most members of the working class into an abyss of poverty. According to Marshall, poverty was caused by institutional neglect of education for the masses. Hence he recommended a drastic overhaul of those institutions that impinged on education. Keynes argued that the rentiers were the villains because they had intentionally reduced their funding of entrepreneurial investments. Consequently, investments dwindled and unemployment caused working-class poverty to rise above its customary levels. Keynes's solution was public investment in private enterprises, which he called socialization of investment. This would cause euthanasia of the anti-social rentiers. Because of their recommendations, Marshall and Keynes called themselves socialists.     

A model of collateral, investment, and adverse selection

This paper characterizes the relationship between entrepreneurial wealth and aggregate investment under adverse selection. Its main finding is that such a relationship need not be monotonic. In particular, three results emerge from the analysis: (i) pooling equilibria, in which investment is independent of entrepreneurial wealth, are more likely to arise when entrepreneurial wealth is relatively low; (ii) separating equilibria, in which investment is increasing in entrepreneurial wealth, are most likely to arise when entrepreneurial wealth is relatively high and; (iii) for a given interest rate, an increase in entrepreneurial wealth may generate a discontinuous fall in investment.     

Social capital, capabilities, and entrepreneurial strategies: a study of Taiwanese high-tech new ventures

This paper examines the effects of social capital, entrepreneurs' capabilities and entrepreneurial strategies on the performance of technology-based new ventures. Using concepts derived from the entrepreneurship and strategy management literatures, we identify three categories of factors and develop corresponding hypotheses. Using a sample of 125 Taiwanese high-tech new ventures to test these hypotheses, we find that entrepreneurs' management experience may not be an advantage for high-tech new ventures. The six Stevenson entrepreneurial strategies can have different effects on the performance of new ventures, whereas social capital actually moderates the effects of entrepreneurial strategies and resources on the performance. High-tech entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon with a wide range of factors, including societal contexts, entrepreneurial strategies and entrepreneurs' capabilities; and these factors interact with each other. There is no single route to entrepreneurial success or failure: successful entrepreneurs are those who can adjust their entrepreneurial strategies according to their social capital and capabilities.     

中国企业孵化的空间溢出效应——来自35个大中城市的实证研究

区域创新基础深刻影响科技创业过程,空间网络化联结以及信息技术渗透又使得企业孵化要素呈跨区域流动特征。目前关于企业孵化投入产出的研究忽略了空间相关性,导致研究结果出现偏误。超越组织边界的合作使得企业孵化过程呈现叠加效应,推动跨区域合作;而创业项目的争夺又引发区域竞争,形成企业孵化过程中的创新溢出屏障。因此,企业孵化过程是否存在溢出效应是一个值得探讨的议题。运用空间计量分析方法,基于2009-2016年空间面板数据,从基础设施、资金条件、研发水平以及创业经验4个维度分析中国企业孵化的作用机制,进一步从空间地理特征和社会经济特征两方面构建空间权重矩阵,并运用空间面板数据模型分析中国企业孵化过程的空间溢出效应。研究发现,企业孵化过程存在明显的空间溢出效应,地理区位特征与社会经济特征均对企业孵化和空间相关性产生影响。其中,社会经济特征作用显著,四要素的跨区域流动发挥了不同程度的杠杆作用。最后,分别从企业孵化器定位、企业孵化产业、企业孵化政策制定以及企业孵化创新绩效4个方面提出引导科技创业资源合理流动以及提高企业孵化产出的对策建议。     

Beyond technical skills training: The impact of credit counseling on the entrepreneurial behavior of Ugandan youth

There is low take‐up of financial credit among youth in Uganda because potential beneficiaries perceive associated risks as high. This study assesses the determinants of entrepreneurial risk tolerance among Ugandan youth using experimental data from a randomized control trial and a real‐life investment‐risk experiment. Credit counseling was provided to young men and women aged 18–35 who owned a business to educate them about the obligations and commitments associated with financial credit. The intervention had a significant impact on demand for credit and related intermediate outcomes such as ownership of a bank account and investment in assets. The study finds that youth exhibited lower demand for credit after business training because of increased awareness regarding the actual risks associated with receiving credit. Our findings reinforce national strategies to promote soft skills for business entrepreneurship that extend beyond standard business training.     

中国城市招商引资的经验与教训

本文在对世界银行2003年中国城市投资环境评价报告及台湾地区电机电子同业公会连续4年对大陆主要城市投资环境与投资风险评价报告进行分析对比的基础上,对国内主要城市近年来的招商引资现状进行分析和概括,并对几个典型城市在招商引资方面的经验与教训进行研究,为武汉市改善招商引资环境提供可借鉴的思路.     

Rate of return on venture capital investment in China

The rate of return on venture capital investment of venture capital (VC) firms in China has been attracting increasing attention. We use robust multinomial regression models to analyze 56 exit projects of venture capital investment from 1999 to 2003 in China. The results show that the returns of state-owned VC firms are lower than those of non state-owned VC firms. Furthermore, the returns of the VC firms located in Shanghai and Shenzhen are higher than those in other regions. The capital scale of VC firms is negatively correlated with the rate of return. In addition, some variables, such as business duration, investment scale, investment duration and exit vehicle, are probably unrelated to rate of return on venture capital investment in China.     

优化创业环境之我见

创业环境是指社会环境中与创业行为有关的所有主客观条件的总和。良好的创业环境可以吸引投资者和创业者,并激励他们进行投资创业活动。当前,我国创业环境中存在着有些本应改善的问题而没有从根本上予以改善,须重点在三大方面予以优化：营造浓厚的创业氛围,是优化创业环境的根本;优化支持创业的政策体系,是优化创业环境的核心;完善创业服务体系,是优化创业环境的基础。