实施股票期权的税收障碍

<正> 股票期权激励机制的思想源于20世纪50年代,1952年美国的菲泽尔公司,为了避免公司主管们的现金薪酬被高额的所得税率“吃掉”,在雇员中推出了世界上第一个股票期权计划。但是当时这种制度并未显现出巨大的效应,直到90年代,随着美国股票市场的异常活跃,股票期权制度的财富效应与日俱增,该制度才风靡全球,并逐渐形成世界潮流。美国股票期权的税务处理美国作为世界上实施股票期权汁划最早、最广泛的国家,为了配合股票期权计划的实施,在税法上对股票期权所涉及的税收问题作出了较为详细的规定。其主要内容有: (一)美国国内税务法则对股票期权的两大分类为了加强对股票期权的税收征管,美     

股票期权与限制性股票股权激励方式的比较研究

本文从权利义务、估值、会计、税收等多角度对股票期权和限制性股票进行了比较分析,并对近3年我国上市公司的实践进行了总结分析。发现公司偏好选择股票期权,但主要行业选择没有差异。运用事件研究法比较两种激励政策的证券市场反应后,发现证券市场对股权激励具有正面反应,但主要是由于股票期权的公告效应十分显著,而限制性股票的股价公告效应并不明显。本文认为,限制性股票优于股票期权,应该在政策上引导和鼓励上市公司选择限制性股票的激励方式。     

浅析税务筹划中非税成本的构成

有效的税务筹划不但要考虑税务筹划的税收成本,而且要识别和估计税务筹划的非税成本,并与相应的税收利益进行比较.然而,税务筹划的非税成本因其隐蔽性和间接性而容易被忽视,因其复杂性和多样性而不能被全面衡量.本文主要探讨了非税成本的构成,从经济学、企业管理以及企业财务方面寻找税务筹划产生的非税成本,以期构建完整的非税成本结构.     

股票期权的企业所得税税务处理探讨

股票期权是对公司高级管理人员所实行的一种长期激励机制,因此常被称作“高级管理人员股票期权”。在西方发达国家,股票期权制度之所以成为股份制企业行之有效的一种激励机制,其根本原因是税收的优惠。美国税法对股票期权所涉及的税收问题做了较为详细的规定,极大地促进了股票期权制度的发展。我国目前尚没有专门的法规对股票期权的税务处理加以规定,成为推进股票期权制度的一大障碍。     

浅析税务筹划中非税成本的构成

有效的税务筹划不但要考虑税务筹划的税收成本，而且要识别和估计税务筹划的非税成本，并与相应的税收利益进行比较。然而，税务筹划的非税成本因其隐蔽性和间接性而容易被忽视，因其复杂性和多样性而不能被全面衡量。本文主要探讨了非税成本的构成，从经济学、企业管理以及企业财务方面寻找税务筹划产生的非税成本，以期构建完整的非税成本结构。     

试论税务筹划的非税成本及其规避

税务筹划作为一种经济行为，在寻求企业利益的同时，必然也会发生相应的成本、费用，因此，税务筹划应遵循成本效益原则，即有效税务筹划原则。有效税务筹划不但要考虑显性税收，同时要考虑隐性税收；也就是既要降低企业的税收成本，又要降低企业的税务筹划成本，还要努力降低税务筹划的非税成本。非税成本因其隐蔽性、间接性而容易被忽视，因而可能使税务筹划的成本（损失）大于其收益。非税成本的形成原因较多、其构成也比较复杂。本文主要探讨了非税成本的基本含义及其内容、非税成本的成因、非税成本的规避。     

雇员股票期权的若干问题研究

基于委托—代理理论研究的深入,雇员股票期权被作为一种对代理人的长期激励机制,在业界广泛采用,而关于雇员股票期权会计的研究,尚不成熟。雇员股票期权的会计处理一直是一个有争议的论题,争论的焦点主要是雇员股票期权是否费用化、计量问题以及其可能产生的财务影响。选择雇员股票期权会计处理方法的关键是要理解其经济本质,雇员股票期权具有真实的经济后果,诸如对公司成本的影响,对外部利益集团的影响,对股票的定价及资本配置的重大影响。文章从雇员股票会计的定义入手,结合我国新颁布的会计准则,给出了在我国实行雇员股票期权会计的新框架:确认、计量以及其财务影响。     

经营者股票期权的激励机理及其在我国的适用性分析

经营者股票期权是国外企业普遍实行的针对经营者的一种长期激励手段。文章在委托———代理理论框架下分析了经营者股票期权的激励机理及其产生的利益趋同效应 ,剖析了我国当前实施经营者股票期权激励措施存在的主要制约因素 ,并提出了相应的解决对策     

税收成本、非税成本与企业组织形式选择——基于经济模型的研究框架

基于税收考虑的企业组织形式选择也称为最优企业组织形式税务筹划,即选择某种企业组织形式寻求最有效的税务筹划决策,税收成本和非税成本是影响这种有效选择的主要因素。不考虑非税成本时,企业组织形式偏好选择经济模型主要受企业所得税税率、股权转让所得的个人所得税税率、经营所得的个人所得税税率等变量影响。非税成本中的转换成本、牺牲非税优势的成本、协调与沟通成本等也是影响经济模型的重要因素。     

宏观调控下发展县域工业经济的应对措施

随着知识经济的高速发展和我国企业制度改革的逐步深化,股票期权作为一种新的激励措施,已被越来越多的企业所重视,它的运用可以使企业在降低激励成本、减少现金流出的基础上,充分调动经理人的积极性并防止其短期经营行为的发生。但是,股票期权计划的有效实施还面临一些障碍,股票期权的价值计量就是其中之一,不解决计量问题,股票期权计划无法进入规范的操作实施阶段;会计计量不准确,可能会对企业的期权激励计划产生负面影响。     

The role of infrastructure investment and factor productivity in international tax competition

In this paper we use data from 30 developed economies from 1999 to 2014 to analyse the importance of infrastructure investments and factor productivity for explaining international capital tax competition. Our results indicate the existence of intensive tax competition in effective average corporate taxation during this period. It is also suggested that non-tax variables of third countries affect a country's corporate tax policy. Countries whose direct competitors have better infrastructures or are more productive compensate with lower capital taxation. In this way, their infrastructure investment and productivity-enhancing policies are used as strategic substitutes for capital taxation. With regard to the characteristics of closest competitors, we find that corporate tax competition is fiercer among countries that are characterized by similar infrastructure investments and geographical proximity.     

Resuscitating businessman risk: A rationale for familiarity-based portfolios

This paper studies two frequently observed portfolio behaviors that are seemingly inconsistent with rational portfolio choice. The first is the tendency of workers and entrepreneurs to hold their companyʼs stock. The second is the propensity of workers to limit their equity holdings through time. The explanation offered here for both of these behaviors lies in the option to switch jobs when oneʼs company does poorly. This is equivalent to holding put options on oneʼs own company stock and call options on the other companyʼs stock, where both options must be exercised at the same time. Given these initial undiversified implicit financial holdings, workers need to allocate a relatively large share of their regular financial assets to their own companyʼs stock and a relatively small share to the stock of their alternative employment simply to restore overall portfolio balance. Although this effect can only create some hedging demand for companyʼs stock, it is a factor of potentially major import for assessing the suitability of workersʼ financial decisions. I find that, under certain conditions, workers optimally hold almost 40% of their financial wealth in their companyʼs stock.     

金融企业呆账处理宜采取的会计和税收政策

金融企业呆账处理的会计和税收政策,直接影响到企业的经营成果和税收负担.通过对我国金融企业现行呆账处理的会计和税收政策进行分析,就发现其存在的问题.应当根据我国国情,借鉴国际经验,在会计政策上进一步细化有关规定,以提高其可操作性;在税收政策上,宜用注销法代替准备金法确认和扣除企业呆账损失,以体现税收中性原则.     

Corporate social responsibility,stock prices,and tax policy

We model a market in which some investors get utility from owning shares of firms that engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR). In equilibrium, investors' CSR considerations influence portfolio choices, stock prices, and CSR spending. We study tax policy designed to maximize total giving (individual and corporate) net of government tax breaks and find that its effectiveness is non‐monotonic in the proportion of altruistic investors: with few or many altruistic investors, it has little impact on giving, but, at intermediate levels, effective tax policy intuitively relates the corporate tax rebate rate on giving and the cap on allowable tax savings.     

居民储蓄变动与经济增长及银行业之间关系研究

针对当前各界给予储蓄增长率持续降低的关注，本文认为，储蓄的增长本身与经济增长率之间存在并不十分确定的正向促进关系，其取决于经济所处的发展阶段以及银行的信用创造能力。在当前普遍强调储蓄下降对经济增长所起的负面作用情况下，对银行业的健康发展确实具有至关重要的作用，具体涉及到兑付风险、减少收入以及对股份制银行和上市银行的资本金影响。本文在实证检验了国内储蓄率变动的状况、原因之后，尝试从金融产品和国家税收政策等方面提出促进储蓄的对策建议。     

Taxation and Investment Decisions: A Real Options Approach

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact of the tax system on the firm's incentives to invest and disinvest in an uncertain environment. This paper follows the real options approach, which allows us to investigate the value to a firm of waiting to invest and/or disinvest, when payoffs are stochastic and investments partially reversible. The implications for the magnitude and directions of the effects of tax policy are studied; also the case of tax policy uncertainty is examined.     

Distortionary company car taxation: deadweight losses through increased car ownership

We analyse the effects of distortionary company car taxation through increased household car consumption for the Netherlands. We use several identification strategies and demonstrate that for about 20 % of households company car possession increases car ownership. The annual welfare loss of distortionary company taxation through increased car ownership is generally rather small, maximally €120 per company car, and much less than the welfare loss through increased expenditure on the company car. However, for policies that exempt households from paying tax on their company car, the annual deadweight loss is likely higher. Our first-best tax policy recommendation is to increase company car tax rates. However, our current results suggest that a second-best policy, which keeps average company car taxation constant but which reduces the marginal tax on cheaper cars and increases the marginal tax on expensive cars, would be welfare improving as overconsumption of company cars will be reduced.     

企业行为约束下技术创新所得税激励政策效应研究

技术创新所得税激励政策效应的发挥不但取决于政策本身的制度设计,还取决于企业投资行为对税收政策的敏感性。技术创新所得税激励政策作为制度驱动,既受到企业自身行为的约束,又与企业内部研发驱动机制相互作用。在企业行为理论框架下,运用随机效应模型,以2009—2013年中国Ａ股上市公司数据为样本,对企业行为约束下中国技术创新所得税激励政策效应进行了理论分析和实证检验。结果发现,税收优惠政策形成的税收补贴通过转化为企业内部资源、降低研发投资风险,使得企业内部驱动机制对研发支出的积极作用增强;所得税激励政策本身并未对企业技术创新活动产生显著的激励作用。     

高管的风险态度与股权激励方式选择*

公司如何选择有效的股权激励方式一直是理论研究的重要话题。本文以2006—2016年中国A股实行股权激励的上市公司为研究对象,探究高管的风险态度差异对上市公司股权激励方式选择的影响。研究结果显示,高管的风险回避倾向越强,公司越倾向于授予风险较大的股票期权方式激励高管,以激发高管的风险承担意愿;高管的风险承担水平越高,公司则越倾向于采用风险较小的限制性股票期权方式进行激励,以削弱高管的过度风险追求倾向。进一步研究表明,当股权激励方式基于风险承担与高管的风险态度相匹配时,公司会有更好的业绩表现。本文的研究结论为激励契约设计提供了重要启示。