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随着城市化的进展,特别是近代大城市的出现,多年来住宅短缺已成为一个世界性的尖锐的社会问题和经济问题。各国政府都把解决住宅问题作为该国社会经济发展的基本目标之一,列入政府的重要议事日程和发展规划之中。我国是一个发展中的国家,当然也存在着住宅问题。建国以来,我国城市住宅建设取得了很大成就,但在许多方面由于缺乏明确的、稳定的政策指导,曾产生了不少盲目性和失误。 50年代初期,受苏联设计理论和方法的影响,住宅设计确定了以“远期”为主、照顾“近期”的原则,建筑师们以远期标准人均居住面积9m~2的大面积和大户型进行设计。有的居室达 相似文献
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新中国成立初期相关税收的政策与制度。1953年以后税收政策与制度的重大变化。改革开放以后,中国税收政策与制度的不断改革。 相似文献
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我国现行的农业税收制度是新中国成立初期形成的,其在国家掌握粮源、稳定增加财政收入和保证城市农产品供应等方面都发挥了积极作用.…… 相似文献
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通过对新中国成立初期,北京市人民政府针对察北鼠疫袭京而制定的一套以目标定任务的应急资源整合机制进行回顾和总结,以期为当前处于社会转型期的城市政府应对突发性公共事件提供借鉴。 相似文献
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城市住宅市场结构发展中国家城市住房的短缺是城市化过程中一个普遍存在的问题。有些国家曾经试图从两方面解决住房问题。在技术和经济方面,适当使用廉价建材,适当降低建筑规格,以减少房屋造价,增加单元数量,使多数城市居民买得起住宅。在政策和管理方面,加强国家的统一控制,政府统拨经费, 相似文献
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一、居住问题和居住保障的历史变迁
人类针对18~19世纪产业革命所引发的大城市的人口密集、住宅短缺、居住过密、传染病蔓延等有关住宅和城市问题,通过改善不良居住区,确立建筑和城市规划法规,完善住宅监督制度、公众卫生法、公共住宅供给政策等手段进行了不懈的努力。 相似文献
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在各国的住房市场上,租赁住房具有不可或缺的地位。它既可满足消费者多样化选择,促进人口劳动力的合理流动,平抑售房市场价格,还可减轻政府公共住房的压力。为培养租赁住房市场,各国政府无不运用财税、金融、法律等多种政策鼓励民营资本进入租赁市场,使得非盈利组织、住房合作社、房地产信托基金、保险公司和私人业主成为租赁住房的主力军。借鉴国外经验,遵循《政府工作报告》中“建机制、补短板、兜底线”的精神,补好住房政策中租赁市场欠发达的短板,鼓励民营资本进入,更有效地解决大城市住房难的问题。 相似文献
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在房价上涨过快的背景下,基于舆论的压力,政府常常会出台一些旨在稳定房价、解决住房短缺问题的政策,然而有些政策的实施效果却常常背离政策的初衷.回顾了美国40年代实施的房租管制,并分析了中国正在实施的提高税收和经济适用房政策,发现这些政策的实施效果大都适得其反,不仅没有达到预期的目标,反而使得住房问题恶化. 相似文献
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低收入群体的住房保障与信贷支持——基于住房过滤理论的分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
近年来,我国城市住房价格持续上升.保障低收入群体的基本居住权已成为城市建设和房地产业发展所面临的重大问题.目前,各部门和各地区针对住房保障问题,从供给和需求两方面制定了诸多的保障政策.但对于市场化条件下住房保障体系的内在运行机理研究则较为滞后.而国外的相关研究表明,住房过滤模型理论可以从微观角度时住房市场的结构性问题进行定量分析,并对住房价格进行生命周期全过程分析,较真实地反映住房市场特别是住房保障体系的运行机理.因此本文尝试从住房过滤模型的角度分析国内住房保障政策与住房信贷政策的实施效果,并结合该模型的适用条件与面临的现实障碍,探索住房保障措施及住房信贷制度的优化途径. 相似文献
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Rolnik R 《International journal of urban and regional research》2011,35(2):239-255
The 1990s in Brazil were a time of institutional advances in the areas of housing and urban rights following the signing of the new constitution in 1988 that incorporated the principles of the social function of cities and property, recognition of the right to ownership of informal urban squatters and the direct participation of citizens in urban policy decision processes. These propositions are the pillars of the urban reform agenda which, since the creation of the Ministry of Cities by the Lula government, has come under the federal executive branch. This article evaluates the limitations and opportunities involved in implementing this agenda on the basis of two policies proposed by the ministry — the National Cities Council and the campaign for Participatory Master Plans — focusing the analysis on government organization in the area of urban development in its relationship with the political system and the characteristics of Brazilian democracy. 相似文献
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Lina Olsson 《International journal of urban and regional research》2018,42(4):633-650
In Sweden, local governments’ practice of the ‘municipal land instrument’—that is, the use of public land ownership as a tool for facilitating urban development—has a long tradition. In the post‐war era, public land ownership constituted an important component of state‐led housing production, which had both a productive and a redistributive purpose. Departing from a political economy perspective, this article demonstrates how the redistributive aspect of the municipal land instrument has been dissolved under neoliberalization, and discusses why the use of this instrument is problematic from both a democratic and ethical point of view. Based on a case study in Helsingborg, the article argues that, in using public land to leverage private investment in urban development, local decision makers adopt an interest in supporting rent extraction from tenants and housing owners, while subsidizing investment costs for developers. The dual role that municipalities assume as landowner‐developers and planning authorities enable them to facilitate urban development effectively, but it is also problematic because it transgresses the public–private law divide inherent to Swedish law. Assuming this dual role, municipalities place themselves in a biased position that risks undermining the legitimacy of governmental actions in general, and the planning system in particular. 相似文献
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在当前全球人口老龄化趋势下,如何解决由此产生的老龄人口退休收入短缺及财政困境成为各国学者及政策制定者关注的热点。住房反向抵押贷款作为拓展老年人退休收入的一种金融创新手段,在欧美市场已经发展成为一种成熟的金融工具。随着9月国务院提出“开展老年人住房反向抵押养老保险试点”,“反向抵押贷款”模式的“以房养老”再次进入公众视野,成为当前公共政策研究热点,并引发了民众关于“政府在养老体系中责任”的大辩论。本文以此为契机,通过已有的文献构建反向抵押贷款理论框架,讨论反向抵押贷款的优缺点、风险及影响反向抵押贷款市场的相关变量,系统还原这一金融工具的运行机制,消除公众对其的误解并结合这·理论框架探讨‘‘反向抵押贷款’雀本土化过程中存在的困境。本文认为,在中国,遗产赠予动机是老年住房自有者在当前住房市场下为实现整个家庭代际福利最大化做出的“理性选择”;‘饭.向抵押贷款”中贷款金融机构面临的风险高于借款人,老年人实现住房资产的流动性是以牺牲贷款金融机构现金流动性为代价的。因此,未来需要探讨的是,政府在推进的过程中如何降低各方风险,减少未知不确定J}生风险的问题。 相似文献
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Paolo Esposito Spiridione Lucio Dicorato Emanuele Doronzo 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(2):1067-1079
This paper investigates the effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in Italian municipally owned corporations (MOCs) dealing with urban waste management, trying to understand if multiple ownership can generate better performance compared to single ownership and if the presence of private partners could be crucial in this. The research question is answered by analyzing 41 MOCs of the largest Italian cities operating in urban waste management. In this specific sector, public administrations have tried to improve their offer in terms of sustainable development, environmental policy, and efficiency. The paper covers the Italian case study, where urban waste production per capita is higher than the European average figure. The waste cycle management service is operated in Italy at local level through totally publicly owned companies (monoadministration or multiadministration), mixed (public–private) companies, or via a full externalization achieved by means of public tenders. Through a multinomial ordered probit panel, we show that MOCs with multiple owners perform better than those having a single owner and perform much better with the presence of a private partner, confirming those academic findings according to which collaborative arrangements can increase efficiency, do better than public sector bureaucracy, and lower the costs of service provision. The results of this paper can be used by academics, practitioners, and policy makers alike. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study that applies this perspective to the analysis of the current international waste management scenario with relation to MOCs having multiple ownerships. 相似文献
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城市住房夹心层问题凸显住房保障政策的真空,对此我国提出公共租赁住房政策以解决这一问题,然而该政策能否真正解决住房夹心层问题却引起了争论。为了促使公共租赁住房政策名至实归,本文首先探讨了我国城市住房夹心层问题,分析认为当前我国保障性住房准入条件的不对接,存在的户籍限制和目标群体的支付力不足等造成了夹心层的出现。在此基础上,分析公共租赁住房政策在解决住房夹心层问题上存在的局限和制度创新,并提出完善公共租赁住房政策的建议。 相似文献