对旅游空间容量计算方法的数学思考

通常用来计算风景区旅游空间容量的方法,会导致产生虚拟游客,夸大了容量值.周转率的计算没有考虑景点有相当的时间内无游客可接待的客观事实,总容量的计算不应该采取求和算法.本文根据旅游者的行为,用图示分析了周转率计算中要考虑的因素,并从数学角度证明了总容量计算方法存在的理论问题,提出采用求小算法.     

湿地公园游客感知价值研究——以西溪/溱湖为例

游客感知价值作为旅游目的地竞争优势的新来源,已经得到旅游学者的广泛重视。随着湿地公园作为旅游目的地吸引力的不断增强,湿地公园之间的竞争也将日趋激烈,湿地公园游客感知价值成为湿地公园竞争力管理的标准。文章以西溪和溱湖两大湿地公园为案例地,检验湿地公园游客感知价值量表,探讨湿地公园游客感知价值的结构特征。通过探索性和验证性因子分析,研究得到包括23个题项6个维度的游客感知价值量表,6个维度分别是:环境价值、特色价值、服务价值、管理价值、知识教育价值和成本价值。其中,特色价值、管理价值、知识教育价值是湿地公园感知价值的独特维度。溱湖游客对特色价值和知识教育价值的感知显著高于西溪游客。文章最后讨论了研究的理论贡献和管理意义。     

湿地公园游客感知价值研究

游客感知价值作为旅游目的地竞争优势的新来源，已经得到旅游学者的广泛重视。随着湿地公园作为旅游目的地吸引力的不断增强，湿地公园之间的竞争也将日趋激烈，湿地公园游客感知价值成为湿地公园竞争力管理的标准。文章以西溪和溱湖两大湿地公园为案例地，检验湿地公园游客感知价值量表，探讨湿地公园游客感知价值的结构特征。通过探索性和验证性因子分析，研究得到包括23个题项6个维度的游客感知价值量表，6个维度分别是：环境价值、特色价值、服务价值、管理价值、知识教育价值和成本价值。其中，特色价值、管理价值、知识教育价值是湿地公园感知价值的独特维度。溱湖游客对特色价值和知识教育价值的感知显著高于西溪游客。文章最后讨论了研究的理论贡献和管理意义。     

旅游景区的准入批量与最大容量分析

最近,学者黄羊山在多篇文章中对我国一些标准和规范里的旅游空间容量算法进行了一些探讨,并做出了重要改进。但是,其提出的"取小法"虽然能够保证了游客数不超过景点的容量限制,却没有考虑景点之间距离对容量的影响,且推导过程比较复杂难懂。文章以游客在景区中的移动行为为出发点,将景区旅游线路类比为旅游生产线,利用旅游生产线的平行移动特征,推导出在景区日开放时间内能够准入的游客批数和接待量模型。然后,利用景区内景点游览时间的最大公约数进行景点分解,按照分解后的子景点设置进入批量,从而分别给出了有游览顺序和无游览顺序的旅游高峰期的最大容量计算模型。最后实例计算表明,该方法确实可以在旅游高峰期尽量减少景点闲置提高接待量。     

基于环境态度的游客游憩冲击感知差异分析

本文基于张家界国家森林公园的游客调查数据,分析了游客环境态度及其与游憩冲击感知之间的关系.采用"新环境范式"量表(NEP)测量游客的环境态度,并根据环境态度倾向将游客划分为生态中心主义者、人类中心主义者和立场模糊者.研究发现,与环境态度没有明显倾向的立场模糊者相比,人类中心主义者和生态中心主义者对社会性游憩冲击的感知强度更高,意即后两者对那些人为破坏自然环境的行为与迹象更为敏感;环境态度不同的游客对于公园的植被、土壤、水体等资源性因子受冲击的感知强度无显著差异;环境态度不同的游客对管理性冲击感知也无显著差异.     

三类旅游容量研究方法比较

在可持续发展的研究热潮中,旅游容量是旅游研究的热点和难点.本文将现有旅游容量理论分为三类,通过这三类理论的研究分析对当前旅游容量理论存在的问题提出质疑.在此基础上对现有旅游容量理论遇到的发展瓶颈进行了反思,认为对游客行为细分研究和累积效应是其关键所在,同时对旅游容量理论的研究提出一种新思路并进行了初步尝试.最后,对旅游容量研究的发展脉络进行总结,提出了改进意见.     

北京故宫可持续旅游调查研究--一个现代服务管理的视角

可持续旅游已成为旅游界广泛关注的一个话题,特别是以遗产地(世界文化遗产、世界自然遗产等)为旅游目的地的可持续旅游,更是众多国际学者研究的重点.本文以北京故宫的旅游服务调查为切入点,从旅游服务的角度分析了游客对景点服务的态度和需求,同时也探讨了服务与可持续旅游的关系,并给出了一个解决此问题的工具--服务质量.同时对故宫的旅游管理也提出了一些建议,其目的是从社会、环境和经济等方面的均衡发展来达到故宫的可持续旅游.     

星级饭店自助餐厅收益管理策略研究——基于富力君悦凯菲厅的案例分析

过去10年中,收益管理已经成为航空公司和酒店集团增加收益的重要手段.尽管餐厅是实施收益管理的可行场所,然而国内餐厅收益管理的研究才刚刚起步,特别是国内对餐厅收益管理的时间控制、容量控制、差别定价以及菜单管理等相关策略知之甚少.文章以广州富力君悦酒店凯菲自助餐厅为例,通过问卷调查法、参与观察法获取研究数据,研究时间控制、容量控制、差别定价和菜单管理策略在餐厅收益管理中的应用.研究发现:第一,市场细分是餐厅收益管理策略实施的基础;第二,餐厅实施差别定价策略时,需立足于顾客公平感知之上;第三,餐厅实施容量控制策略时,需建立动态模型以优化餐桌结构;第四,定期更新的菜单能显著增加顾客的重复购买意向.文章对酒店餐厅收益管理策略进行了系统的研究,深入剖析了各策略的内容,为餐厅实施收益管理提供了理论基础.     

迪斯尼8大游玩秘技

善用快速通行证由于购买了通票入场后各个单项不需再花钱,所以在迪斯尼,最怕的就是花时间在排队。加州迪斯尼为了节省游客排队的时间,特别推出“快速通行证”(Fastpass),针对几项热门游戏.如:太空山、飞溅山,印第安那斯等,只要将门票插入快速通关的机器中,游客就能拿到一张由电脑印制的“返回时间券”,拿到票券后,游客可先去玩其它设施或是逛街.只要在返回时间内回来,就可从     

滨海旅游目的地游客感知价值的影响因素研究——以广西北海银滩国家级旅游度假区为例

把握影响游客感知价值的关键因素,有助于促进旅游目的地竞争力的提升。以广西北海银滩国家级旅游度假区为研究区域,采用携程旅行网北海银滩游客网络评论资料作为研究样本,运用扎根理论方法构建包括5个主范畴和18个对应范畴的滨海游客感知价值影响因素模型,并运用复杂系统的决策实验和评估实验法（Decision making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL）模型构建滨海游客感知价值影响因素的关系矩阵,识别影响滨海游客感知价值的关键因素。研究发现：资源和环境、管理和保护、设施和服务、情感和成本价值构成了滨海旅游目的地游客感知价值的重要维度,天气条件、海滩规模、海滩管理和保护、游客愉悦感、游客娱乐体验项目、旅游基础设施及服务是影响滨海旅游目的地游客感知价值的关键因素。据此提出促进我国滨海旅游目的地游客感知价值提升的相关建议。     

An application of tourism carrying capacity assessment at two Italian cultural heritage sites

If not properly managed or organized, tourist flows can constitute a risk for conserving cultural heritage sites. It may therefore be important to estimate the maximum capacity a visitor site can receive without compromising its heritage integrity or visitors’ experiences. This research note formulates a comprehensive methodology to assess the carrying capacity of cultural heritage sites as a way of providing technical support for cultural development and tourism management policies. This approach proposes a combination of qualitative and quantitative indicators to assess tourist flows at a site, how tourists affect conservation and how the property itself shapes and conditions the visitor experience. This how-to study underscores the management system and suggests guidelines to improve the tourism product without generating negative impacts on the built heritage. Two museum case studies are highlighted – the National Museum of the arts of the XXI Century, in Rome and the National Gallery of Marche (Palazzo Ducale, in Urbino).     

Crowding standards at Petra Archaeological Park: a comparative study of McKercher's five types of heritage tourists

To achieve sustainability in heritage tourism, tourists should be placed at the heart of the management and planning processes. Indicators and standards-based frameworks were developed in the field of outdoor recreation management to manage and measure crowding and other problematic issues in parks and related areas. Using normative theory and visual research methods, this article aims to examine crowding standards of tourists at Petra Archaeological Park, and compare these standards between the types of heritage tourists suggested by a model developed by Bob McKercher. Results showed that tourists’ acceptability levels go down with an increasing number of tourists, and tourists who are highly motivated to visit heritage sites (i.e. purposeful and sightseeing heritage tourists) had the most restrictive acceptable number of tourists at the park. The normative standards formulated in this article provided a guidance to manage crowding at Petra.     

Carrying capacity analysis and destination development: a case study of Gangotri tourists/pilgrims’ circuit in the Himalaya

The Himalaya has numerous natural, cultural, aesthetic, and adventurer tourists/pilgrims’ destinations, which are the major source of income and employment to the local people and revenue generation to the government. Meanwhile, tourism carrying capacity of these destinations is poor and thus tourism development could not take shape. This article examines carrying capacity and destination development of the Gangotri tourists/pilgrims’ circuit, which is also known as Gangotri eco-sensitive zone. We conducted this study using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, in which we collected data on tourists/pilgrims flow, accommodation, transportation, and infrastructural facilities. Primary data were collected through interview of 160 persons of 8 tourists/pilgrims centres who are involved in tourism activities. Further, we employed a participatory observation method after an extensive visit of Gangotri tourisms/pilgrims circuit in January 2017. Secondary data were collected from the Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, Dehradun. We used correlation and rank method and analysed infrastructural facilities, carrying capacity dimensions, proposed destination development model for the circuit, and observed that a sustainable tourism development may enhance economic activities such as income generation and employment augmentation as the whole circuit obtains natural, cultural, and aesthetic importance.     

Religious Tourist Motivation in Buddhist Mountain: The Case from China

This study aims to develop a measurement scale assessing motivations of tourists traveling to religious sites within the Chinese context. Deploying quantitative methods in relation to Putuo Buddhist Mountain – one of the most visited Buddhist destinations in China, this study depicts 20 motivation attributes. Accordingly, the scale dimensionality of tourist motivation in the context of religious tourism is first revealed by an exploratory factor analysis and further validated by a confirmatory factor analysis. Consequently, three resultant constructs entailing religious belief, cultural enjoyment, and mental relaxation exhibit acceptable levels of reliability. Construct validity, including discriminant and convergent validity, is satisfactorily established. Furthermore, this study examines how tourists’ past experience and degree of religious belief affect the derived constructs that define the motivations of religious tourist. The results suggest that past experience significantly affects tourists’ motivation to achieve religious beliefs, while degree of tourist religious belief has a great impact on both their motivation to achieve religious beliefs and mental relaxation. Finally, according to motivation theory, religious beliefs and mental relaxation can be classified as push factors, while cultural enjoyment and one item belonging to religious beliefs are pull factors.     

Changes in tourists’ perception of well-being based on their use of emotion regulation strategies during vacation

ABSTRACT

Based on the theoretical foundation of emotion regulation, this exploratory study aimed to examine changes in tourists’ perceived well-being and to determine whether these changes were due to use of emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) during their vacation. This study used travel diaries to record tourists’ use of ERSs on a daily basis, and also measured tourists’ perceived well-being one day before and after their vacation. Results indicated that tourists had significantly higher perceptions of well-being after vacation, and those who used ERSs were more likely to indicate a higher sense of well-being after vacation. The results provide new insight into which aspects of tourists’ subjective and psychological well-being can be boosted by taking vacations and how these aspects may be enhanced by using different ERSs.     

野生动物旅游景区游客情感特征研究——以长隆野生动物世界为例

情感分析已成为大数据文本挖掘领域的热门话题。分析旅游者对野生动物旅游景区的情感,对于理解人与野生动物的互动机制具有重要意义。文章以长隆野生动物世界为例,采用国内旅游社交网站的用户评论文本为数据源,运用内容分析法和情感倾向分析法,在建立野生动物旅游专属词库基础上,从景区体验情感、管理要素认知情感、动物生境感知情感、科普教育互动情感4个角度,分别进行了情感特征词提取、情感值计算、高频词统计和社会语义网络分析。主要研究结论包括:(1)旅游者对长隆野生动物世界的景区体验大多持积极正面情感评价;(2)旅游者对动物生境空间感知情感具有差异性,涉入程度、互动方式、接触距离、游客密度、场地大小等因素都会影响游客时空行为和情感评价;(3)旅游者负面情感较多来自景区管理,主要是承载力超负荷和景区门票偏高;(4)科普教育互动情感中,旅游者较少关注野生动物福祉和负面影响。该研究对其他野生动物旅游景区的管理和营销具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Impact of walking speed on tourist carrying capacity: The case of Maiji Mountain Grottoes,China

This paper analyzes the impact of walking speed on tourist carrying capacity. To do so, a combination of simulation experimentation and on-the-ground experiment is suggested to work in a study case, Maiji Mountain Grottoes, China. The simulation findings indicate that walking speed has a negative impact on tourist carrying capacity and the correlation coefficient is 0.64, for the reason that walking takes up more space. The on-the-ground experiment shows that carrying capacity is not a unified limit all over a destination, but changeable temporally and spatially, and its estimation needs to be adjusted according to the minimum area required per tourist and tourist activity. The method applied in this paper and the simulation findings can serve as a methodological tool for further research about tourist carrying capacity where the main activity of tourists is walking while watching.     

It’s so hot: predicting climate change effects on urban tourists’ time–space experience

Abstract

Progressive changes in mean annual temperatures are arguably the strongest evidence of ongoing climate change. In destinations with a Mediterranean climate, in contrast to the colder months, during summer, rising air temperatures are believed to inhibit tourist movements and activities, and consequently affect tourists’ evaluation of and satisfaction with their experiences. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the potential impact of climate change on tourists’ time–space activity using actual behavioural tracking-based information. Data collected via GPS technology and a post-visit survey of tourists (n = 404) visiting Lisbon during the summer were analysed via structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results report empirical evidence of the present impact of (summer) weather on urban tourists’ time–space activity and on their intra-destination experience evaluation. Specifically, maximum air temperature is found to have a significant negative effect on overall satisfaction, while the meteorological conditions of the entire day reveal a significant impact on tourists’ activities and movements. The results are particularly useful for the sustainable adaptive management of urban attractions and destinations that are especially vulnerable to climate change, as well as in managing its adverse impact on tourists’ experiences.     

服务补救中自我调节导向对顾客感知公平的调节作用——基于旅行社的实证研究

文章以旅行社为研究对象,通过实证研究方法探寻服务补救中顾客自我调节导向心理特征对感知公平的影响.研究结果表明,服务失败背景下旅行社实物补救的确主要影响游客感知结果公平；自我调节导向在实物补救对游客感知结果公平的影响中有显著调节作用,趋利导向游客在遭遇服务失误后更偏好“多获利”的补救措施,而避害导向游客则更偏好“少损失”的补救措施；自我调节导向在实物补救对游客感知程序公平和互动公平的影响中并无显著调节作用.文章同时讨论了研究结论对服务营销管理的启示.     

Research on Foreign Tourists’ Satisfaction with the 2010 Shanghai World Expo: Based on the Blogs at a Travel Website

By applying the methods of content analysis and importance-performance analysis to the blogs on http://www.travelblog.org, a popular international website for travel bloggers, this study identifies that foreign tourists’ satisfaction with the 2010 Shanghai World Expo mainly depended on three dimensions: The urban environment, the quality of tourists’ visit to the Expo, and the tourists’ own status. Based on fuzzy evaluation and importance-performance analysis, the study concludes that foreign tourists’ overall degree of satisfaction with the Shanghai World Expo is 6.15 on a 10-point scale and suggests that the quality of exhibits, the touring environment, staff training, and tourist behavior are key elements in the on-site management of major events.