森林生态经济学(六) 森林生态经济科学的应用——生态复合系统工程

<正> 一、森林生态经济科学应用(转化为现实生产力)的若干理论和认识问题生物圈是人类生活和从事生产的场所,其中的各类生态系统又是各种自然资源,因而,人类的每一项生活、生产活动,也必然是对各类生态系统的干扰。我们研究生态经济问题,就在于认识生态系统的结构、动态及其变化规律;研究人类活动对生态系统干预的正反两方面的经验与教训;并从中探索出一条道路,进而创造生物生产力更高的人工生态系统。     

对森林生态系统服务价值问题的思考

人类的生存环境日益受到多种多样的威胁,保护生态环境是当今全球社会的使命,是一种责任和义务,多数国家都有环境保护的相应法规,从立法的角度确认了可持续发展的必要性和强制性,它体现出文明社会的责任感.人类社会的可持续发展从根本上取决于生态系统及其服务的可持续性.森林是地球上生态环境建设的主体,因此,必须在对森林生态系统的结构功能进行研究的基础上,研究森林生态系统服务价值,为决策者提供充分的信息,才能避免森林生态系统服务的短视经济行为,才有利于森林生态系统的保护并最终有利于人类自身的可持续发展.     

对森林生态系统服务价值问题的思考

人类的生存环境日益受到多种多样的威胁,保护生态环境是当今全球社会的使命,是一种责任和义务,多数国家都有环境保护的相应法规,从立法的角度确认了可持续发展的必要性和强制性,它体现出文明社会的责任感。人类社会的可持续发展从根本上取决于生态系统及其服务的可持续性。森林是地球上生态环境建设的主体,因此,必须在对森林生态系统的结构功能进行研究的基础上,研究森林生态系统服务价值,为决策者提供充分的信息,才能避免森林生态系统服务的短视经济行为,才有利于森林生态系统的保护并最终有利于人类自身的可持续发展。通常经济学家和生态…     

森林生态系统管理与林业经济发展的耦合关系研究——评《森林生态系统智能管理》

正森林资源一方面维持全球的生态平衡,另一方面在发展林业经济并促进人类社会的发展中发挥重要作用,所以森林生态系统与林业经济紧密相联相互影响。近年来,我国的林业经济已经成为国民经济发展的重要组成部分,但我国大部分地区仍然存在众多森林生态脆弱区。因此,应对森林生态系统进行详细分析,确定科学的管理措施,在保护森林生态系统完整的情况下提高林业经济效益,为社会发展创造更高的价值,实现森林生态管理与林业经济的协调。     

黑龙江呼中国家级自然保护区森林湿地资源现状与保护对策

湿地作为特殊的生态系统,其功能在人类社会经济可持续发展中具有不可替代的作用。本文对黑龙江呼中国家级自然保护区内寒温带森林湿地的保护现状进行调查分析,分析本区域森林湿地具有典型性、脆弱性和多样性的特点提出了保护对策。为全面分析湿地资源的动态变化,保护与维护湿地生态系统的生态功能、为区域经济和资源管理提供及时、准确的基础数据;加强区域湿地资源保护,维持湿地生态系统平衡,保护流域下游的生态系统,为实现区域经济和社会的可持续发展提供依据。     

浅谈藤县的林权制度改革

1导论：林业与林权 森林是陆地生态系统的主体。林业则是以森林资源为经营对象，以保护、发展和利用森林资源为主要经营活动，以满足人类日益增长的生态、经济和社会需求为经营目标，兼具生态功能和产业属性的重要的社会公益事业。     

试论森林生态系统在经济发展中的重要作用

森林生态系统是经济可持续发展的基础。1996年全世界由于生态破坏造成的直接和部分间接损失已占世界 GDP 的14%。森林生态系统对于维持陆地生态平衡具有重要作用。研究结果证明,在当前大气 CO_2浓度增加的因素中,森林面积减少约占所有因素和作用的30%～50%。森林在防洪保土、防风固沙、满足人类健康和精神需求方面同样发挥着巨大作用。     

森林资源承载力研究现状与展望

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林承载力是关系到资源、环境与社会经济发展的关键,也是衡量区域社会可持续发展能力的一个重要指标。该文回顾了承载力的起源和森林承载力的研究现状,认为在进一步研究中应该结合社会经济发展的目标确定区域森林资源应该承受的压力,注意科技进步对森林承载力的影响,并从森林生态系统自身的支撑能力和社会经济活动对森林资源的压力两个角度来研究森林资源承载力。     

宜兴国家森林公园经营中存在的问题及解决对策

森林作为陆地生态系统的主要资源与生态主体,是人类发展的生态屏障。加强森林经营、提高森林质量,为建设美丽中国奠定坚实的生态和资源基础是当前我国林业建设与发展的首要任务。科学、合理、有序经营森林公园可以充分发挥森林的生态、经济和社会效益。论述了宜兴国家森林公园经营中存在的问题,提出了解决对策。     

森林生态-经济系统的协同机理分析

基于具有共同使用权的集体林,在森林生态-经济系统中引入埃利诺·奥斯特罗姆提出的社会-生态系统分析框架和自主治理理论,分析一级子系统间的互动逻辑以及森林生态-经济系统的二级变量和影响系统自主治理相关变量,探索影响森林生态-经济系统的协同机制。结果表明:在信息不对称的情况下,政府组织的与非政府组织的集体行动将加剧森林生态经济协同发展的困境;行动者从森林资源系统中提取森林资源单位,从而实现经济效益;人类对森林生态系统的平均提取率不超过平均补充率时,森林生态系统可再生资源才得以长期持续发展。     

Governance of non-wood forest products in Russia and Ukraine: Institutional rules,stakeholder arrangements,and decision-making processes

Aspects of governance of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) include institutional rules, stakeholder arrangements, and decision-making processes that govern production systems from access to resources, their use, and to markets. Compared with other forest products, few studies have investigated the governance of NWFPs in European post-socialistic countries transitioning from a planned to a market economy. This study compares institutional frameworks and stakeholder arrangements related to NWFPs in Russia and Ukraine using a case study approach. Both countries have a legacy of top-down forest government, state-owned forests, and rural communities with a long dependence on plant- and animal-based NWFPs. We analysed legal documents for NWFPs in each country and conducted expert interviews with stakeholders from the public, private, and civil sectors involved in the decision-making process of NWFPs. Institutional frameworks for NWFPs in both countries are complex, unclear, and overlap. Multiple legal documents contain restrictions regarding the extraction and sustainability of NWFPs. However, no special laws or policies are solely for NWFPs; all measures are included in legislation that regulates nature conservation and forest management. The government of both countries tends to overlook non-industrial forest use undertaken by marginal local communities, even if economic, social, and cultural values of NWFPs are relatively high for local and regional development. A misfit is observed between legal frameworks and forest companies’ business policies with customary rights. This phenomenon caused a shift to introduce new stakeholder arrangements related to NWFPs as a special type of resource in areas where NWFPs are heavily used both for subsistence and for generating household income by local communities. Landscape approach initiatives such as model forests and biosphere reserves may empower local communities to find means to protect their rights, needs, interests, and values related to NWFPs.     

退耕还林制度下的林业经济增长影响因素分析——以江西省为例

林业经济的增长在江西省经济发展中具有举足轻重的地位,研究我国退耕还林制度下国家的投入、耕地和劳动力等资源的变动对林业经济增长的效应有一定的意义。采用江西省2000~2009年的退耕还林及林业生产要素的相关数据,运用统计分析方法和计量回归模型,探讨了江西耕地面积的变化、林业固定资产投入量、退耕还林专项资金、农林牧渔业劳动力数量、退耕还林面积等因素对林业经济增长的影响。提出了促进林业经济增长的政策建议。     

Economics of carbon sequestration in community forests: Evidence from REDD+ piloting in Nepal

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has been piloted in developing countries as a climate change mitigation strategy, providing financial incentives for carbon sequestration in forests. This paper examines the economic feasibility of REDD+ in community forests within two watersheds in central Nepal, Ludikhola and Kayarkhola, using data on forest product demand, carbon sequestration, carbon price and REDD+ related costs. The benefits of REDD+ are about $7994, $152, and $64 per community forest, per hectare of forest area, and per household in Ludikhola watershed compared to $4815, $29, and $56 in Kayarkhola watershed, respectively, under the business-as-usual scenario. Compared to the EU ETS carbon price ($10.3/tCO₂e), the average break-even carbon price in community forests is much higher in Kayarkhola watershed ($41.8/tCO₂e) and much lower in Ludikhola watershed ($2.4/tCO₂e) when empirical estimates of annual expenditure in community forests are included in the analysis. The incorporation of annual expenditure estimates and opportunity cost of sequestered carbon (in the form of firewood prices in local markets) in the analysis suggests that community forests are economically infeasible for REDD+ at the prevailing carbon prices. The implication of our findings is that economic feasibility of REDD+ in community forests depends on the local contexts, carbon prices and the opportunity costs, which should be carefully considered in designing REDD+ projects.     

Migration,socioeconomic transformation,and land-use change in Mexico’s Mixteca Alta: Lessons for forest transition theory

The forest transition is a concept used to describe and explain the transition from a dwindling to an expanding forest area in a given region or country. Three main explanations of the forest transition have been developed. The first is the “economic development path to the forest transition”, which contends that economic development and new agricultural technologies trigger rural-urban migration and agricultural intensification, leading in turn to the abandonment of marginal farmland and eventually to a forest recovery. The second is the “forest scarcity path to the forest transition”, which argues that the scarcity of forests is a major factor that encourages commercial tree plantations, reforestations and the conservation of woodlands. A third explanation has been advanced in certain developing countries. This explanation, referred to in this paper as the “diversification of rural livelihoods path to the forest transition”, holds that rural households must adjust to outside forces, including globalization and neoliberal economic policies, and that those adjustments marginalize smallholder farming, allowing for the expansion of forests. This paper describes and explains the onset of a forest transition in the Mixteca Alta UNESCO Global Geopark, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on qualitative fieldwork and the analysis of official statistics and land-use/cover maps, we contend that the three paths to the forest transition overlap in our study area. This implies a fuller and more complex explanation of the forest transition, which is crucial to understand the expansion of woodlands in other regions of Mexico and the developing world.     

Forests to fields. Restoring tropical lands to agriculture

In discussing land use in tropical forest regions, there is an emphasis on the following topics: the need for the expansion of cropping areas, the precedent for use of the tropical forest for cropping based on past use patterns, the pressure from conservationists against cropping, debunking the mythology that forests are "natural" and refuting the claims that forest clearance is not reversible, the archeological evidence of past forest use for agricultural purposes, abandonment of tropical land to forest, and rotation of forest and field. The assumption is that the way to stop food importation is to increase crop production in the tropics. Crop production can be increased through 1) land intensification or clearing new land, 2) output per unit of land increases, or 3) reallocation to agriculture land previously cleared and overgrown with tropical forest. "Temporary" reuse of land, which reverted back to tropical forest, is recommended. This reuse would ease population pressure, and benefit bioconservation, while populations stabilize and further progress is made in international plant breeding. The land would eventually be returned to a forest state. Conservation of tropical forest areas should be accomplished, after an assessment has been made of its former uses. Primary forests need to identified and conversion to farming ceased. Research needs to be directed to understanding the process of past forest regeneration, and to devising cropping systems with longterm viability. The green revolution is unsuitable for traditional cropping systems, is contrary to demands of international funding agencies for sustainability, and is not affordable by most poor farmers. Only .48 million sq. km of closed forest loss was in tropical rainforests; 6.53 million sq. km was lost from temperate forests cleared for intensive small-scale peasant farming. The use of tropical forest land for farming has some benefits; crops in the wetter tropics are perennial, which would "reduce seasonal soil tillage, increase nutrient cycling, and remove a lower proportion of biomass." Water availability would not be a problem. Low soil nutrient levels could be increased with cutting and burning or fertilizer. The key is proper and careful management, particularly under intensive cropping systems such as rice production or extensive long fallow shifting cultivation.     

Abstracts of Award-Winning Theses

Costa Rica has long been a leader among developing countries in the design of and experimentation with innovative environmental programs. Since 1997, Costa Rica's "Pagos de Servicios Ambientales" (Payments for Environmental Services) Program has provided payments to more than 4,400 farmers and forest owners for reforestation, forest conservation, and sustainable forest management activities. The econometric analysis of a survey of farmers and forest owners, including both PSA participants and nonparticipants, shows that farm size, human capital and household economic factors, and information variables significantly influence participation in PSA program alternatives. Large farmers and forest owners are disproportionately represented among program participants.     

A country scale analysis revealed effective forest policy affecting forest cover changes in Cambodia

Considerable proportions of the remaining global forest areas are currently harboured in tropical countries. Reducing deforestation in this region is important to help mitigate climate change. Effective forest conservation approach is needed to reduce deforestation and degradation in these countries. Here, we investigated the forest conservation effect of community forests and protected areas using country scale data in Cambodia. In addition to these two forest conservation approaches, we also evaluated the effectiveness of protected forests, which are similar to protected areas but managed by different authorities. We compared deforestation between 2006 and 2016 in areas under the three forest conservation approaches and a non-conserved area by applying the inverse probability of treatment weighting with the propensity score minimizing confounding effects. The results showed that community forest, protected areas, and protected forest significantly decreased deforestation compared with non-conserved forests. Out of the three forest conservation approaches, protected forest was the most effective and community forest was the least effective. We conclude that all of the policies we evaluated are effective for forest conservation but the effectiveness varies depending on the approach. Our findings also suggest that the authority managing the given approach plays an important part in its effectiveness.     

自然资源消耗对中国经济增长的贡献——以森林资源为例

近年来,有学者通过对多个国家样本数据的回归分析,得出森林资源的消耗一定程度上促进了各国的经济繁荣的结论,为柯布-道格拉斯模型添加了自然资本N这一变量。以中国为研究对象,沿用这一思路,在增长理论模型中添加自然资本变量,对1980—2005年的数据进行了回归分析,得出结论:中国森林资源消耗的增长率对经济增长率有很大贡献,并对此结论进行了简短讨论。     

私有林与中国林业发展

发达国家和经济转型国家的私有林具有以下特征:木材生产大多由采伐公司承担,集约经营程度和竞争力与它的规模有较强的正相关性,公共品或准公共品性质趋强,以及非农林主增多、老龄林主增多、林地平均规模趋小等。根据国际经验判断,私有林也应成为中国林业发展的选择。在现阶段发展私有林,需要改进林木采伐管制,确保采伐指标的公平分配,削弱森林部门征收税费的能力,相信农民的能力,并规范政府的行为。     

国外森林冰雪灾害应对措施与借鉴

森林是维护地球生态环境、保障人类经济社会可持续发展的重要因素,而森林资源的风险在任何国家任何时候都不可避免。为了科学应对重大森林自然灾害,在借鉴国外成功经验的基础上,结合我国国情,提出应该加快构建我国自然灾害应急系统、尽快建立林业重特大灾情救灾准备金制度和政策性森林保险机制等建议。