美国上市公司盈余管理的博弈分析及启示

美国上市公司的盈余管理是信息披露规范约束下的博弈行为,各博弈方在各自利益的驱使下,进行相互博弈,从而达到“纳什均衡”。文章首先分析阐述了美国上市公司盈余管理的博弈主体及其行为,然后分析了盈余管理博弈的动机以及博弈过程,得出博弈的均衡解,即“纳什均衡”。文章最后在博弈分析的基础上,提出如何借鉴美国上市公司管理经验加强我国上市公司管理的措施。     

自然垄断产业定价机制探析--以电价机制为例

本文以自然垄断产业电力工业为例分析了电力价格现状，在电力企业行为特征基础上建立了成本监督博弈模型，分析了各博弈主体纳什均衡的行为选择和博弈未构成纳什均衡的原因，从制度建设角度提出了多维监督等治理对策，为建立有效的自然垄断产业定价机制进行了理论探索。     

供应链中知识共享的博弈分析

供应链节点企业间良好的知识共享机制可以为企业成员获取外部知识提供保证,也有利于提高整个供应链的知识水平,进而提升供应链的整体竞争力。针对供应链各节点企业在知识共享中可能产生的博弈,分析了两种情形下博弈的纳什均衡策略,并利用纳什的讨价还价模型对合作博弈中由知识共享产生的利益分配问题进行了探讨。     

技术创新扩散补贴机制研究——基于微分博弈分析

运用微分博弈纳什反馈均衡(Feedback Nash Equilibrium)和Stackelberg反馈均衡(Feedback Stackelberg Equilibrium)对技术创新扩散过程中,采用时间定量补贴和投入比例补贴的两种补贴机制进行了研究。通过研究,我们发现在采用时间定量补贴的微分博弈中,纳什反馈均衡和Stackelberg反馈均衡相同,则先行动者无先动优势,补贴机制没有达到目标。而在改进的采用投入比例补贴机制中,存在唯一的Stackelberg反馈均衡:领导者是先采用者,跟随者是后采用者,则该博弈具有先动优势,从而达到了提高潜在采用者采用积极性的补贴目的。     

高考录取机制的博弈分析

本文分析了高考招生中考后知分报考录取机制下的志愿填报博弈。完全信息时这个显示偏好博弈只有唯一的纳什均衡结果,均衡是帕累托有效和公平的。但是,真实的偏好并不一定是每个考生的均衡策略,达到均衡结果需要参与人之间的协调。使用文献中的Gale-Shapley学生最优机制,真实偏好是学生的优势策略,结果也是帕累托有效、公平的。本文介绍的录取机制,对于高考录取制度的改革提供了一种可行的思路。     

不确定性条件下中央银行与公众博弈的货币政策有效性分析

当存在外部经济不确定性时,“相机抉择”的货币政策会导致中央银行与公众的博弈,形成“时间不一致性”。在K—P博弈模型的基础上,针对中央银行可能实施的通货膨胀政策,分别对信任机制和非信任机制下的中央银行与公众博弈行为进行分析,发现博弈的结果是形成子博弈精炼纳什均衡,出现“零和”,最终货币政策失效。     

垄断厂商与中间商的分销价格博弈

完全信息条件下,在各自领域处于垄断地位的厂商和中间商就分销价格和促销费用博弈时会达到多个纳什均衡,即"高分销价格,低促销费用"或"低分销价格,高促销费用"。若从分销价格和促销费用服从连续分布的基础上进行分析,博弈双方会取得惟一的纳什均衡解。这一结果尽管是在假设条件下的静态均衡,但却同受到各种条件制约的现实博弈结果相类似。     

高考录取机制的博弈分析

本文分析了高考招生中考后知分报考录取机制下的志愿填报博弈。完全信息时这个显示偏好博弈只有唯一的纳什均衡结果，均衡是帕累托有效和公平的。但是，真实的偏好并不一定是每个考生的均衡策略，达到均衡结果需要参与人之间的协调。使用文献中的Gale-Shapley学生最优机制，真实偏好是学生的优势策略，结果也是帕累托有效、公平的。本文介绍的录取机制，对于高考录取制度的改革提供了一种可行的思路。     

创业型企业与风险投资合作机制的博弈分析

创业型企业与风险投资合作机制是围绕资本供求关系进行的,体现为双方在不同的阶段如何选择策略的博弈。基于博弈论的分析方法,构建不同阶段的博弈模型,并求解博弈双方不同策略下的纳什均衡。博弈分析的结果表明：无论创业型企业或风险投资的任何一个阶段,合作是双方最好的策略选择。     

博弈论视角下金融监管浅析

本文建立了一个金融机构与金融监管机构的博弈模型,提供了金融危机下思考金融监管问题一个视角.根据博弈模型的纯战略纳什均衡和混合战略纳什均衡,解释了金融危机前以投资银行为典型代表的金融机构为何采取高风险的行为,而相应的监管部门却保持了放松监管的态度,最后给出了获得最优均衡相关措施.     

Undominated Nash Implementation in Bounded Mechanisms

We study implementation in undominated Nash equilibrium by bounded mechanisms. (An undominated Nash equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium in which no agent uses a weakly dominated strategy. A mechanism is bounded if every dominated strategy is dominated by some undominated strategy.) We identify necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for such implementation. These conditions are satisfied in virtually all economic environments, and are also satisfied by interesting correspondences from the social choice literature. For economic settings, we provide a particularly simple implementing mechanism for which the undominated equilibrium outcomes coincide with those obtained from the iterative elimination of weakly dominated strategies. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 022, 025, 026.     

Out-of-equilibrium performance of three Lindahl mechanisms: Experimental evidence

We describe an experimental comparison of the out-of-equilibrium performance of three allocation mechanisms designed to achieve Lindahl outcomes as Nash equilibria: the mechanisms due to Walker (1981), Kim (1993), and Chen (2002). We find that Chen?s mechanism, which is supermodular, converges closest and most rapidly to its equilibrium. However, we find that the properties that move subjects toward equilibrium in Chen?s mechanism typically generate sizeable taxes and subsidies when not in equilibrium, and correspondingly large budget surpluses and deficits, which typically far outweigh the surplus created by providing the public good. The Kim mechanism, on the other hand, converges relatively close to its equilibrium and exhibits much better out-of-equilibrium efficiency properties.     

Implementations of the Nash solution based on its Walrasian characterization

Summary. The present paper provides three different support results for the Nash bargaining solution of -person bargaining games. First, for any bargaining game there is defined a non-cooperative game in strategic form, whose unique Nash equilibrium induces a payoff vector that coincides with the Nash solution of the bargaining game. Next this game is modified in such a way that the unique Nash equilibrium that supports the Nash solution is even in dominant strategies. After that an -stage game in extensive form is presented whose unique subgame perfect equilibrium supports the Nash solution of the bargaining game. Finally, the support results are shown to induce implementation results in the sense of mechanism theory. Received: October 3, 1999; revised version: October 26, 1999     

Implementing efficient graphs in connection networks

We consider the problem of sharing the cost of a network that meets the connection demands of a set of agents. The agents simultaneously choose paths in the network connecting their demand nodes. A mechanism splits the total cost of the network formed among the participants. We introduce two new properties of implementation. The first property, Pareto Nash implementation (PNI), requires that the efficient outcome always be implemented in a Nash equilibrium and that the efficient outcome Pareto dominates any other Nash equilibrium. The average cost mechanism and other asymmetric variations are the only mechanisms that meet PNI. These mechanisms are also characterized under strong Nash implementation. The second property, weakly Pareto Nash implementation (WPNI), requires that the least inefficient equilibrium Pareto dominates any other equilibrium. The egalitarian mechanism (EG) and other asymmetric variations are the only mechanisms that meet WPNI and individual rationality. EG minimizes the price of stability across all individually rational mechanisms.     

Asymmetric Nash equilibrium in emission rights auctions

This paper studies the problems of emission rights auctions, and presents a uniform price auction mechanism based on three assumptions, i.e., all buyers are asymmetric, every buyer submits a nonincreasing continuous demand function, and every buyer's valuation to per unit of the emission rights is common value information. It focuses on solving the asymmetric Nash equilibrium for this auction mechanism. It concludes that there exist multiple Nash equilibria in our auction mechanism, but the arbitrary low equilibrium prices cannot emerge. We also give several suggestions on how to induce the auction to a desired ideal equilibrium state in mechanism design of emission rights auctions.     

Decentralized Management of a Fishery

We construct an economic mechanism to realize in Nash equilibrium an optimal consumption time path of a natural resource. For exposition convenience, the analysis is conducted within the model initiated by Levhari and Mirman (Bell J Econ 11:322–334, 1980). This framework allows us to explicitely compute the consumption time paths of the resource, associated with an open-access regime, with a cooperative management and with a (stationary Markovian) Nash equilibrium of the difference game induced by the proposed mechanism.     

Experimental investigation of stationary concepts in cyclic duopoly games

We experimentally test the predictive success of three stationary concepts in two cyclic duopoly games. The concepts are Nash equilibrium, impulse-balance equilibrium and payoff-sampling equilibrium. In the experiment 11 independent subject groups, consisting out of six participants interacting over 200 rounds, were gathered for each game. The comparison of the three concepts with mixed strategies shows that the order of performance from best to worst is as follows: payoff-sampling equilibrium, impulse-balance equilibrium, and Nash equilibrium. In addition the data exhibit a weak but significant tendency over time in the direction of coordination at a pure strategy equilibrium.     

AUCTION–LOTTERY HYBRID MECHANISMS: STRUCTURAL MODEL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

This article studies an auction–lottery hybrid mechanism that is widely adopted in allocating new vehicle licenses in China. We characterize individuals' entry and bidding strategies in a symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium, structurally estimate individuals' value distribution from a data set of a Guangzhou program, and evaluate the performance of the mechanism. Based on the estimated distribution and counterfactual analysis, our study suggests that a hybrid mechanism preserves 83% efficiency and 52% of revenue, while it improves equity by 25 times compared to a pure auction. We show that allowing auction losers to participate in the lottery can further enhance the performance.     

Bartering Games in the Kolm Triangle

We study a public good mechanism that possesses several attractive properties. In particular, the mechanism always produces feasible allocations, induces a game where the Nash equilibria are all individually rational, and, in contrast to the voluntary contribution mechanism, supports the Lindahl allocation as a Nash equilibrium allocation. The geometric framework of the Kolm triangle is employed to illustrate the workings of the mechanism and provide intuition for the main results.