艾滋病对我国社会经济影响

基于对我国艾滋病流行较为严重的五个省份进行的问卷调查,对比分析了931户感染者家庭和995户非感染者家庭的相关数据。研究发现,艾滋病对感染者个人及其家庭造成了极大的影响,如导致家庭结构改变、就业机会减少、劳动收入下降、医疗支出明显增大;同时也引发一系列社会经济问题,如贫富差距加大、性别不平等加剧、贫困家庭儿童教育机会减少及社会歧视扩大。最后提出了缓解艾滋病造成影响的对策建议。     

Poverty,HIV/AIDS and the old age pension in Bhambayi,Kwazulu-Natal,South Africa

To date the international community has tended to direct HIV prevention programmes, treatment, care and supportive services to young adults and children, with little concern about the impact on older people. Since empirical evidence on the socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS on households with older persons is lacking, this paper attempts to fill this gap, using data from a household-based survey conducted in Bhambayi, a mixed formal and informal settlement north of eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal. The findings highlight the links between the uptake of the South African old age pension, poverty and HIV/AIDS in households with older persons. The paper makes recommendations for both government and non-governmental organisations in respect of community-based support systems for such households affected by HIV/AIDS.     

HIV/AIDS in the transport sector of southern Africa: Operational challenges,research gaps and policy recommendations

The transport sector is an integral element of southern Africa's economic development. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the region is therefore a major cause for concern. Using a method of triangulation, we used the findings of a comprehensive literature review, a stakeholder questionnaire and a United Nations regional workshop to take stock of the existing evidence linking HIV/AIDS to the transport sector. This paper outlines the strategies used to address HIV/AIDS by a range of stakeholders in the road, maritime, aviation and railway transport sectors. It highlights regional, national, and intervention-specific good practice examples in the field, suggesting key research gaps and putting forward policy recommendations for the region. As a result, national action plans will hopefully be able to benefit from this knowledge-sharing, enhanced regional cooperation and implementation of more effective responses to the epidemic in this critical sector.     

Child-headed households in South Africa: What we know and what we don't

Household structures in many countries in Africa have been drastically changed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Traditionally, orphans were absorbed by members of the extended family but today this safety net no longer works so well and many children are left to fend for themselves. The South African Government recognises the problem, but views differ on the effectiveness of the programmes for assisting these children. This article looks at what is known and what needs further research. It is known that child-headed households do exist in South Africa and that children living in these households are vulnerable. What is not known is the prevalence of these households and how to deal with the children's psycho-social problems. The article argues that the definition of child-headed households needs to be refined if we are to understand the extent of the problem. This will facilitate assessment of the programmes established for these children.     

Managing the costs of HIV/AIDS: A case study of a South African contract cleaning company

This paper, based on a case study of a South African contract cleaning company in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, adds to the recent literature on the management of the financial impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. After situating the research alongside recent contributions that have examined large enterprises, and small, medium and micro enterprises, the paper provides a profile of the company and its predominantly female workforce. The company's management of costs incurred due to HIV/AIDS is critically assessed from the perspective of financial sustainability, using an AIDS Projection Model developed by Matthews (2007 Matthews, A. 2007. Computational modelling of the impact of AIDS on business. AIDS, 21(Supplement 3): S91–7. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). It was found that while continued employment of this workforce is economically sustainable, both from the perspective of the business and the associated provident fund, the costs to employees are far from equitable. The paper therefore recommends the implementation of a holistic HIV/AIDS management programme, including treatment and prevention activities.     

股权分置改革中的逆向选择问题研究

本文通过建立均衡对价模型,并构造ASI指数测算出股改中逆向选择的程度,研究了非流通股比例、股改前非流通股和流通股价值的相对差异、公司业绩、股改时段四个因素与逆向选择程度之间的关系。从股权集中和流通性折价切入,解释了前两个因素与逆向选择程度间的关系。通过行为金融学的理论,分析了非流通股股东如何利用流通股股东的非理性心理,解释了公司业绩良莠、股改阶段差异与逆向选择程度变化之间的关系。     

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON SMALL,MEDIUM AND LARGE ENTERPRISES1

Based on the Bureau of Economic Research (BER's) 2005 HIV/AIDS survey, this paper provides a snapshot view of the nature and the extent of the impact of HIV/AIDS on companies of different sizes in South Africa, as well as their response to the epidemic. Whereas the focus of most of the previous workplace surveys has been on “evaluating workplace responses”, the present study also considers the economic impact of HIV/AIDS. This study provides evidence of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the largest sample of small, medium and large companies in South Africa to date. The survey results suggest that employer responses are strongly linked to company size, with the majority of medium and large companies indicating that they have an HIV/AIDS policy in place and small companies having done little in the way of action against the epidemic.     

信息获取能力会影响果农的销售渠道选择吗

进入数字经济时代后，信息逐步成为影响农户行为决策的关键因素。本研究基于行为转变理论和计划行为理论，利用来自中国黄土高原优势产区1074 户微观数据，通过运用Ordered Probit 模型，实证检验信息获取能力对果农销售渠道选择的影响，并进一步运用条件混合过程估计法（CMP 方法）对模型进行了内生性检验。研究结果表明：（1）当前，传统销售渠道的中间商（果贩）仍然是果农销售农产品的主要方式；（2）信息获取能力对果农销售渠道的选择有显著正向影响，即信息工具使用水平对果农进入市场壁垒更高的销售渠道具有促进作用；（3）信息获取能力正向显著影响新、中生代苹果户群体对销售渠道的选择。因此，政府应在完善农村信息基础设施和信息服务体系的同时，优化升级农产品流通体系，重点对新生代农户开展信息技术培训，提升其信息获取能力。     

长三角和珠三角工业化进程的比较研究

本文应用劳动力空间分布的偏离份额法对长三角的上海、浙江和江苏,以及珠三角的广东从1996年到2004年的工业化进程进行分析和判断。我们发现了上海已经进入了工业化的后期阶段,浙江和江苏发展迅速,已经步入工业化的中期。而较早进入工业化中期的广东在发展中遇到了难题,原因是第一产业的劳动力比重举高不下,难以转化到其它产业中去。     

建立健全我国农业巨灾风险转移分担机制

我国是世界上自然灾害频发的国家之一。农业风险的高度关联性,使其在时间和空间上难以分散和转移,很容易造成巨灾损失。缺乏有效的农业巨灾风险转移分担机制已成为我国农业保险发展的瓶颈。因此,要顺利发展农业保险,建立健全我国农业保险巨灾风险转移分担机制势在必行。     

The South African disability grant: Influence on HIV treatment outcomes and household well-being in KwaZulu-Natal

This paper explores the implications of the disability grant for household members' well-being and adults' success on ART (antiretroviral therapy). It uses case studies based on data from an in-depth qualitative study of 10 households in KwaZulu-Natal. Receipt of the disability grant ensured that the basic needs of the HIV-infected adult could be met by other household members, especially when the grant was received when the person first met the qualifying criteria and in conjunction with ART. Where treatment was effective, HIV-infected adults were able to make substantial contributions to the well-being of other members in addition to the financial support provided by the grant itself. Thus, early access to financial support in conjunction with commencing ART may lead to improved health outcomes and reduce poverty and vulnerability associated with illness in poor households. This synergistic relationship between social welfare and treatment may in turn contribute to greater cost-efficiency.     

后危机时代重庆市机电产品出口竞争力提升研究

本文选取贸易竞争指数和市场占有率指数对重庆机电产品出口竞争力进行定量分析,发现重庆市机电产品出口竞争力较弱,其原因在于重庆机电产品创新不够,出口受到贸易技术壁垒、贸易保护主义和人民币升值的影响。并在此基础上提出在后危机时代提高重庆机电产品出口竞争力的对策。     

Adult Mortality,AIDS, and Fertility in Rural Malawi

The future course of fertility is a major determinant of economic development in many sub‐Saharan countries, so understanding how HIV/AIDS affects childbearing is of great interest. We show that fertility responds negatively to female mortality and positively to male mortality and that the overall fertility response is small. The negative effect of female mortality is in line with earlier studies that only focus on women and their infection and mortality risks, while the finding of a positive effect of adult‐male mortality is novel. One interpretation of this finding is that women who perceive a high risk of their husbands' or grown‐up sons' deaths are likely to want to have more children to ensure future support.