达赉湖湿地生物多样性保护及对策

论述了内蒙古达赉湖湿地的自然概况及其形成原因,分析了该湿地的主要生物多样性特点及价值;人类活动频繁、过度放牧、破坏植被,已引起局部沙化,使生物多样性减少;提出了相应的生物多样性保护和可持续利用对策、协调人类活动与生物多样性保护的关系;严控载畜量,发展人工草场;发挥本地优势,防沙治沙,加强湿地保护.     

三江平原湿地鸟类资源的现状及保护

经对三江平原湿地鸟类资源及生境的调查。该区有鸟类226种，分为水禽和林栖鸟，提出了保护和恢复湿地多样性的措施和建议。     

洪河自然保护区动物物种多样性现状及保护

黑龙江省洪河国家级自然保护区属沼泽湿地类型的自然保护区;区内有脊椎动物30目71科283种,其中鱼类25种,两栖类8种,爬行类3种,鸟类214种,兽类33种,含国家保护动物51种,省级重点保护动物44种。     

莫莫格国家级自然保护区

<正>莫莫格国家级自然保护区,位于吉林省西部镇赉县境内,东靠嫩江,南临洮儿河。全区总面积14.4万公顷,是吉林省最大的湿地保留地,被誉为"吉林西部之肾"。莫莫格保护区始建于1981年,1994年被国家环保总局列入我国第一批湿地名录,1997年晋升为国家级自然保护区,2013年10月入选国际重要湿地名录。据统计,这里有鸟类193种,列入国家ⅠⅡ级保护的鸟类     

扎龙自然保护区早春三条观鸟路线鸟类资源调查评价

扎龙自然保护区的3条观鸟路线共观察记录鸟类66种，其中国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类3种，Ⅱ级7种，省级保护鸟类5种；夏侯鸟49种；古北界种类45种、广布种19种、东洋界2种。路线A的鸟类多样性最高。路线B是比较理想的早春观鸟路线。     

广东江门红树林自然保护区生态评价

广东江门红树林自然保护区是以保护红树林及其生境为主要保护对象的野生生物类自然保护区。文章对自然保护区的典型性、生物多样性、稀有性、代表性及生态公益性、生态旅游性等方面进行了评价,并从加强自然保护区建设,开展对红树林湿地资源研究、加强退化红树林湿地的生态恢复、开展湿地旅游等方面提出建议。     

水生植物清理工程对越冬鸟类种群的影响

为了给越冬鸟类营造适宜的栖息环境,泗洪洪泽湖湿地国家级自然保护区对核心区水生植物进行了清理,并对清理前后区域内水质、水生植物数量、种类以及鸟类数量、种类进行了调查。结果显示：水生植物清理前,研究区仅观察到约30只越冬鸟类,且均为绿头鸭;水生植物清理后,调查到7种鸟类,隶属2个目2个科,约有9000只,其中数量最多的为绿头鸭Anser platyrhynchos,隶属雁形目鸭科,其次为白骨顶Fulia atra,隶属于鹤形目秧鸡科。在调查过程中还发现了国家稀有物种震旦鸦雀Paradoxornis heudei。     

东洞庭湖湿地野生鸟类资源调查研究

根据在东洞庭湖湿地实地实时调查,共鉴定鸟类2 172只,合计23种,隶属6目14科;东洋界鸟类7种,古北界鸟类1种,广布种鸟类15种,在区系上以东洋界鸟类为主;冬候鸟、留鸟分别为16种、7种,在居留型上,主要以冬候鸟居多。该区鸟类平均密度为158.9只/hm2,多样性指数为2.426467,均匀性指数为0.773871。多年来由于自然因素以及人类不合理的开发利用活动,东洞庭湖湿地野生鸟类资源面临许多生态威胁;指出了东洞庭湖湿地野生鸟类资源面临的生态问题,并提出了相应的保护对策。     

黄河三角洲迎来首批越冬大天鹅

黄河三角洲地处暖温带，是东北亚内陆和环西太平洋鸟类迁徙重要的中转站、越冬栖息地和繁殖地。目前，自然保护区内的鸟类从90年代的187种增加到了283种，每年到黄河口栖息的候鸟达400多万只。近年来，东营市启动了“湿地鸟类生态安全区系统”和黄河自然保护区湿地监测工程，     

黑龙江小北湖保护区春季鸟类多样性研究

2015年春季,利用样线法和样点法对小北湖自然保护区春季鸟类多样性进行研究。共记录到鸟类16目40科148种4904只,为小北湖国家级自然保护区记录鸟类种数的58.04%。雀形目鸟类种类和数量均最多,共68种3470只,占鸟类种数的45.95%,鸟类数量的70.76%。利用多样性指数和均匀性指数方法对小北湖保护区春季鸟类多样性进行了分析,其多样性指数为3.8877,均匀性指数为0.4575。从生境上分析,林地生境鸟类多样指数值为最高,水域生境最低;不同生境多样性比较:林地(3.3191)草甸(3.1073)灌丛(2.9531)沼泽(2.7129)水域(2.1868);均匀性指数则草甸生境最高,水域生境最低;均匀性比较:草甸(0.4592)沼泽(0.4543)灌丛(0.4465)林地(0.4417)水域(0.3484)。     

珠海野生药用植物资源调查

初步分析结果显示,珠海野生药用植物共有175科552属880种,包括50种蕨类植物、4种裸子植物和826种被子植物;根据药用功能,这些野生植物可分为11大类,以清热解表类和理气活血类最为丰富,分别占总种数41.3%和38.4%;许多对湿地或森林生境依赖性较强的珍稀药用植物面临渐危和濒危,有11种野生药用植物被列为国家级或省级保护植物;根据现有资源的类型和利用现状,从植物资源可持续发展角度提出了开发利用珠海市野生药用植物资源的建议。     

泉州湾湿地资源的可持续开发与对策研究

湿地是重要的国土资源、自然资源和生态系统,与人类的生存繁衍息息相关;通过实地调查研究,针对泉州湾湿地资源开发利用现状进行分析,总结归纳泉州湾湿地资源开发利用中面临的主要问题并提出相应的对策措施。     

盐城国家级自然保护区湿地资源调查与保护研究

盐城湿地国家自然保护区资源丰富,但是由于资源不合理利用,加上自然和人为等因素的干扰,导致水环境恶化,水土流失和生态环境严重退化;提出了盐城湿地资源可持续利用和保护对策。     

闽江河口湿地景观生态规划

运用景观生态学原理,利用3个时期遥感影像作为基本信息源,计算景观格局指数和景观类型转移矩阵,分析和研究闽江河口湿地景观格局空间演变特征和景砚生态规划方案;研究结果表明,闽江河口淡水河流区和滨海咸水区景观格局存在空间异质性和人为干扰的程度的差异;闽江河口湿地受快速城市化的影响,湿地面临的保护与开发冲突矛盾日益凸现,从保护景观功能的角度,提出有别于自然保护小区的景观生态保护区的规划思路,将闽江河口湿地景观生态区划分为三类:湿地自然保护区、湿地景观生态保护区、湿地公园.     

How do individuals and groups perceive wetland functioning? Fuzzy cognitive mapping of wetland perceptions in Uganda

Wetlands are critical natural resources around the globe, providing many direct and indirect benefits to local communities. However, wetland degradation and conversion to other land uses are widespread. Sustainable wetland management requires an understanding of stakeholders’ perceptions of the ecosystem and its management. This paper uses fuzzy cognitive mapping to capture individual stakeholder perceptions and group knowledge of wetland ecosystems in order to assess areas of consensus and opposing interests between different stakeholders and to develop future management scenarios. For this purpose, the Rushebeya-Kanyabaha wetland, which is one of the few wetlands in southwest Uganda that is still largely intact, is used as a case study. Our findings reveal differences in perceptions between different resource users. Papyrus harvesters, beekeepers, fishermen, wetland non-users, and hunters associate the largest livelihood benefits with a wetland conservation scenario, while farmers and government officials perceive increased agricultural production in the wetland area to be more livelihood enhancing. This poses a challenge to sustainable wetland management. The scenario results also suggest that centralized top-down laws and rules on wetland use are not sufficient for maintaining the wetland ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need to develop shared understanding through bottom-up approaches to wetland management that are nested within national regulatory frameworks, ideally combined with awareness building and knowledge sharing on the ecological benefits of the wetland.     

Land-use change and socio-ecological drivers of wetland conversion in Ha Tien Plain,Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The loss and degradation of wetlands in the Mekong Delta has been caused by a combination of human activities (social systems) and natural events (ecological systems). However, the complexity and interaction of these socio-ecological factors are poorly understood. This study provides a better understanding of the complex social-ecological factors affecting land-cover change in the Phu My Lepironia grassland conservation area, part of Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. A systems thinking approach was used to determine the interaction between the social system and land-use and land-cover changes. Results indicate that ensuring food supply and improving income are the key endogenous drivers of wetland degradation in the study area. Over-exploitation of wetland resources and inappropriate agricultural practices are accelerating wetland conversion and degradation. The conflict and unclear land tenure, coupled with a desire for higher income, has driven the community to convert and reclaim large parts of the wetland. This process is also driven exogenously by wetland access and the fluctuation of commodity prices, which in-turn results in transition from traditional to extensive cropping systems and expansion of cultivated land into the protected wetland. The relationship between people and wetlands must be central to the development of wetland policies and wetland management approaches. This will improve how land use policy supports sustainable sources of food and income for the local community and concurrently reduce pressures on wetland degradation. Any efforts made to protect the remnant wetland grassland and its diverse ecosystem by regulation should be supplemented by developing and sustaining the relationship between social systems and ecological systems.     

井冈山的珍稀濒危植物及其保护与利用

井冈山分布着国家保护的珍稀濒危植物39种,省级保护59种,井冈山特有分布种10种。这些珍稀濒危植物在医药、花卉、化工原料、木材等方面具有较高的开发利用价值。由于近年来井冈山林区的城市化建设以及人口增加过快等因素的影响,致使许多珍贵稀有植物濒临灭绝,森林生态系统遭到严重破坏。因此,积极保护与合理利用这些资源迫在眉睫。     

内蒙古自治区湿地生态系统特征及驱动力分析

[目的]分析维持湿地生态系统平衡的主要影响因子,对提高湿地生态环境管理具有重要意义。[方法]利用内蒙古湿地资源调查数据,采用层次分析法,对内蒙古自治区内湿地环境因子进行了分级与综合评价。将所调查的影响因子划分为自然指标和社会环境指标两类,并参考国内外评价指标标准,从景观指标、生物多样性指标、环境指标、人为干扰指标和威胁指标等5个方面,构建湿地生态系统特征评价体系;筛选出天然湿地率、湿地斑块密度、湿地利用状况、人口密度、人类活动强度及农药化肥施用强度等18个指标进行标准化分级,并确定指标权重。根据各指标对湿地生态系统的影响程度,分析湿地生态系统特征的主要驱动因素。[结果]对湿地生态系统特征具有显著影响的主要因素依次为:水质级别、单位面积物种多度、植被覆盖度、威胁程度、富营养化程度及威胁因子数量,且景观指标中的景观多样性、湿地斑块密度及景观均匀度对湿地生态格局影响较小。[结论]内蒙古自治区内湿地生态系统受社会环境因素影响较大,应加强湿地生态保护。     

山东省保护鸟类资源现状及保护对策

山东省现有国家重点保护鸟类５５种,隶属７目１０科,其中属国家一级保护种有白鹳、黑鹳、白、白尾海雕、金雕、灰鹤、丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、白头鹤、白鹤、蓑忌鹤共１２种;属国家二级保护鸟类有４３种;对我省这些鸟类的分布,居留情况和濒危现状做了报道,并提出了保护对策。     

Urban development versus wetland loss in a coastal Latin American city: Lessons for sustainable land use planning

Urbanization is a primary cause of wetland loss in coastal metropolitan regions. Therefore, it challenges the preservation of biodiversity and the provision of key ecosystem services for urban settlements. These services include leisure and recreation, climate and water regulation, water purification, and especially alleviation of natural hazards. Tsunami flood mitigation is a particularly valuable regulating service provided by these wetlands, as recently evidenced during the 2010 tsunami that hit the central coast of Chile.The Concepción Metropolitan Area (CMA), located on the central coast of Chile, has experienced noticeable wetland loss in recent decades. Our study focused on the Rocuant-Andalién wetland, which has been particularly affected by urbanization. This wetland strongly contributes to flood control, and has provided effective protection against the CMA’s latest tsunamis (1835 and 2010). Based on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), we have quantified urban growth over the wetland, both executed and projected under the Metropolitan Urban Plan of Concepción (MUPC). Recent loss in wetland area by urban growth has been quantified using land use and cover change (LUCC) maps from 2004 to 2014, obtained from the classification of Landsat images. Prospective changes (considering the complete MUPC deployment) have been inferred by combining the MUPC with the 2014 land cover map. In addition, we quantified the observed effect and planned urban growth on the wetland protected area, geoforms and potential flooding based on the area affected by the last Tsunami. Results show that urban areas have increased by 28% between 2004 and 2014, while future increase is expected to reach 238%. In contrast, wetland area has decreased by 10% from 2004 to 2014 and is expected to decrease by up to 32 %. Thus, the MUPC is not contributing to the mitigation of wetland loss nor the preservation of its biodiversity and ecosystem services. Implications for coastal planning are discussed.