The bullwhip effect on inventory: a perspective on information quality

In recent years, there has been a vast increase in the quantity of information shared across supply chain. We investigate how the timeliness and accuracy of information quality affect the value of information sharing. We use the inventory bullwhip effect (BWE) to measure the value of information sharing in a two-level supply chain consisting of one retailer and one manufacturer. The retailer faces a price-sensitive demand and the price is an AR (1) process. Our study shows if customer demand and retailer’s immediate order are delayed, using retailer’s historical order quantity to forecast can decrease manufacturer’s BWE. If information errors happen, during delivery and utilization, information sharing is not always valuable for the manufacturer. Sometimes, no information sharing can decrease much more of BWE. If information errors occur when the retailer collects demand information, value of information sharing is more significant than when there are no information errors.     

Information Exchange and Transnational Environmental Problems

This paper analyzes information exchange in a model of transnational pollution control in which countries use private information in independently determining their domestic environmental policies. We show that countries may not always have an incentive to exchange their private information. However, for a sufficiently high degree of predictability of domestic environmental policy processes, the expected welfare from sharing information is greater than the expected welfare from keeping it private. The minimum degree of policy predictability for which information sharing occurs increases with the level of environmental risk. Intuitively, information exchange can help mitigate the perception of global uncertainty (both political and scientific) that surrounds transnational environmental problems and potentially improve welfare if policymaking processes are sufficiently aligned with evidence-based approaches (predictable).     

差异化需求、信息传递结构与资源依赖中的组织间合作

资源依赖理论在解释组织间关系时关注组织间的双边权力,当其被置于组织网络结构中时,经典的权力机制是否还具有解释力?本文以在线教育组织为案例,运用网络分析方法探讨组织网络结构对组织间资源依赖关系的影响。研究发现,在一个由利益相关者共同参与的组织网络中,用户通过表达差异化需求,组织通过改变信息沟通结构,实现了组织间的目标协同、信息共享和信任增强,突破了经典资源依赖理论的权力机制,形成了资源利益基础上的合作机制。     

THE ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES TO COOPERATIVE AND NONCOOPERATIVE R&D*

The precompetitive R&D literature has viewed cooperative and noncooperative R&D as substitutes. In this paper a more realistic approach is taken, where both cooperative and noncooperative R&D are performed in parallel. In the first stage, firms determine the optimal investments in both types of R&D and in the second stage they compete in output. It is found that information sharing between cooperating firms contributes not only to cooperative R&D, but also to noncooperative R&D. The two types of R&D reinforce each other. The level of cooperative R&D may be higher or lower than noncooperative R&D. In a Cournot duopoly, the share of cooperative R&D lies between 20% and 80% of total R&D and this share increases with spillovers and information sharing. It is always optimal to subsidize half the costs of cooperative R&D, while the subsidy to noncooperative R&D is unchanged from the standard model. Consumers prefer intermediate levels of spillovers and information sharing, while firms prefer higher levels of spillovers, which entail lower levels of information sharing.     

网购市场鱼龙混杂现象的经济学解释：基于二维不对称信息的视角

网络购物市场存在商品鱼龙混杂的典型现象：高价格的商品不一定高质量，低价格的商品也不一定低质量，表现出明显的信息不对称特征。文章基于网络购物市场所存在的两个维度不对称信息的特征事实，即厂商在产品质量与产品生产成本两个方面拥有私有信息，通过构建二维不对称信息的分析框架，从市场均衡的视角首次解释了上述现象的经济机理。分析表明，由于二维不对称信息的存在，消费者和厂商决策的互动过程使得市场上产品价格与质量不再具有单调递增关系，从而网络购物市场可能出现鱼龙混杂的市场均衡，文章证明了这一均衡在合理的条件下是存在的。文章通过比较静态分析考察了市场环境的变化如何影响商品质量的价格信号显示效率以及消费者购买行为，并考察了网络购物行业商家披露信息、消费者对于商家的反馈评分机制和保证退货等手段对于消除商品鱼龙混杂现象的有效性，为进一步规范发展我国网络购物行业提供了参考。     

信息不对称条件下企业跨国并购的动因探析

信息不对称是促使企业跨国并购的重要原因。跨国Cournot垄断竞争模型考虑产出协调和信息分享两方面。非对称信息下并购发生的可能性超过对称信息情形，外国企业总倾向于与一国内企业分享信息，并购的发生取决于需求波动程度及产品异质性程度。     

Information sharing and the volume of private credit in transition: Evidence from Ukrainian bank-level panel data

The effect of lenders' information sharing on the volume of credit is ambiguous in theory and underexplored empirically. Departing from the scant existing literature, which draws on country-level aggregate data, we study the impact of information sharing on the volume of private credit by examining unique bank-level panel data from Ukraine, a transition economy where information sharing among banks is only a recent phenomenon. Employing the fixed-effects framework and dynamic panel methods to address endogeneity due to the non-exogenous nature of banks' choice to participate in information sharing, we find no credit volume effect of information sharing when information sharing takes place through the central bank-administered public credit registry. In contrast, information sharing through private credit bureaus is associated with an increase in the volume of bank lending, in particular when a bank is partner of multiple private credit bureaus. This effect is robust and non-negligible in magnitude.     

Optimal Contracting of Separable Production Technologies

We analyze the class of agency problems with a risk-neutral principal and a risk-averse agent, in which hidden actions and hidden information (on the agent's efficiency) are jointly present. Technological assumptions such as monotonicity of likelihood are no longer sufficient for the optimal contract to be monotone in the sharing rule. We show that these regularity properties obtain for the rather wide class of production technologies that are separable in the agent's inputs. Together with ordinal properties such as monotone differences and affiliation of inputs, separability yields the monotonicity in efficiency of the agent's actions and indirect utility.     

中小企业异质性、信息分享及其融资问题研究

理论界普遍认为,信息不对称伴随经济转型期金融体系缺失是中国中小企业融资难的根本原因,但迄今提出的中小企业融资难治理对策对信息分享机制的研究相对匮乏。本文分析了信息分享机制缓解信息不对称问题的机理,模型研究表明,信息分享机制通过信息甄别消除逆向选择、降低信息搜寻成本和增加贷款市场竞争程度,从而提高了中小企业贷款的可得性,但这些作用的发挥依赖于中小企业异质性特征。     

Optimal delegation with multi-dimensional decisions

This paper investigates optimal mechanisms in a principal–agent framework with a two-dimensional decision space, quadratic payoffs and no monetary transfers. If the conflicts of interest between the principal and the agent are different on each dimension, then delegation is always strictly valuable. The principal can better extract information from the agent by using the spread between the two decisions as a costly screening device. Delegation sets no longer trade off pooling intervals and intervals of full discretion but instead take more complex shapes. We use advanced results from the calculus of variations to ensure existence of a solution and derive sufficient and necessary conditions for optimality. The optimal mechanism is continuous and deterministic. The agent?s informational rent, the average decision and its spread are strictly monotonic in the agent?s type. The comparison of the optimal mechanism with standard one-dimensional mechanisms shows how cooperation between different principals controlling various dimensions of the agent?s activities facilitates information revelation.     

包容型氛围对员工创造力的跨层次影响研究

由于管理多样性发展，促使包容型氛围日益受到重视，但目前还缺少包容型氛围与员工创造力的相关研究。基于社会交换视角，构建以知识共享为中介变量的包容型氛围对员工创造力跨层次影响模型，以厘清包容型氛围对员工创造力的作用路径。通过对福建、广东、上海、北京等省市113个团队380名员工进行调查，运用跨层次线性模型方法实证分析包容型氛围与员工创造力间的关系，以及知识共享在二者间的中介作用。结果表明：①包容型氛围对员工创造力不存在直接效应；②包容型氛围跨层次正向影响知识共享；③知识共享在包容型氛围与员工创造力间起中介作用。在此基础上，提出企业应搭建建言献策平台，构建人力资源公平系统、决策信息整合机制及知识共享平台等，为企业提升员工创造力提供理论借鉴。〖JP〗     

Friday May Never be the Same Again: Some Results on Work Sharing from Union–Firm Bargaining Models

This paper analyses work–sharing in the union–firm bargaining context. In keeping with mechanisms observed in actual negotiations, we assume that the firm sets employment and we consider bargaining regimes with and without overtime. In models without overtime, work–sharing is consistent with union–firm bargaining provided that income–sharing occurs when the wage rises. In models with overtime, a Pareto–improving cut in the workweek requires wage concession, which is necessary, but not sufficient, for work–sharing. Our models are consistent with a number of well–established stylised facts. In particular, we explain why estimates of the actual hours–standard hours elasticity are always close to unity.     

供应链间横向竞合战略对信息共享与创新绩效的影响研究

以往对供应链信息共享的研究较多,但以供应链间横向竞合战略作为前因变量、以创新绩效作为结果变量的研究相对较少。通过构建供应链间横向竞合战略、信息共享与创新绩效关系理论模型,对广东省163家制造企业进行了问卷调查,利用结构方程模型对竞合战略、信息共享与创新绩效的关系进行了实证研究。将信息共享分为信息共享内容和信息共享质量两个维度,将创新绩效分为工艺创新和产品创新两个维度。结果表明：竞争与合作对创新绩效均有显著正向影响,合作相对于竞争而言对创新绩效的影响作用更大;竞争与合作均可通过信息共享间接作用于创新绩效;合作对信息共享具有显著正向影响,而竞争对信息共享和合作均有显著负向影响。     

信息产品的共享及其组织方式:一个经济分析

本文通过引入一个现实案例(Napster)来讨论信息产品的共享问题。首先,我们解释了信患产品共享产生的原因;然后,我们对此进行了福利分析,并证明:如果信息产品的共享采取俱乐部这种组织方式,不仅消费者的福利水平可以得到提高,生产者同样也有向市场提供信患产品的激励,换言之,帕雷托意义上的效率改进是可能的。     

基于系统动力学的供应链质量机理

提出了供应链质量的概念,概括了其特点,并用系统动力学的方法模拟了两种典型的市场环境下响应时间和信息共享的组合变化对供应链质量的影响。得出以下结论:(1)在产品需求稳定的市场环境中,同时缩短供应链的响应时间且实施信息共享,可避免缺货情况的出现;单独实施信息共享比单独缩短供应链的响应时间对缺货率的影响要大;若供应链的响应时间不变且不实施信息共享,则会经常出现缺货情况;(2)在产品需求周期性变化的市场环境中,同时缩短供应链的响应时间和实施信息共享可最有效地抵制牛鞭效应的影响;单独缩短供应链的响应时间远没有单独实施信息共享对牛鞭效应的抵制作用大;若缩短供应链的响应时间且不实施信息共享,则牛鞭效应的表现最为明显。     

全渠道供应链协同要素关系模型实证研究

新零售要求全渠道供应链的整合和优化，供应链协同有助于全渠道供应链一体化的实现。了解协同要素间关系有利于协同战略的制定与实施，是实现全渠道供应链协同的基础。在供应链管理相关理论研究基础上，构建研究模型，并提出研究假设。在实证研究的基础上，运用结构方程和分层回归的方法对模型和假设进行检验。结果表明，（1）协同收益与供应链协同正相关，分为财务收益和运营收益两部分。（2）收益共享与协同收益的财务收益和运营收益均正相关。（3）信息共享在收益共享与财务收益、收益共享与运营收益的影响过程中起中介作用。（4）契约精神在收益共享与信息共享关系中起调节作用。（5）契约精神在信息共享与财务收益的关系中没有调节作用，在信息共享与运营收益的关系中有调节作用。     

Service sharing,profit mode and coordination mechanism in the Online-to-Offline retail market

How does the sharing economy affect the retail industry? This study investigates the impact of service sharing on the decisions and profits of two profit modes in the Online-to-Offline (O2O) retail market. We find that service sharing always improves the profit of the brand supplier as a service demander in both two profit modes, and improves the profit of the offline franchisee as a service provider in the profit-sharing mode under certain circumstances, but always reduces its profit in the non-profit-sharing mode. This is associated with the double marginalisation effect of the non-profit-sharing mode which leads to channel conflicts. Thus, a service-cost sharing mechanism is introduced to coordinate conflicts and achieve a win-win strategy, thereby improving the performance of the entire O2O supply chain.     

物质奖励对知识共享的作用研究：争论与整合

物质奖励对知识共享是促进作用还是抑制作用,学术界一直存在争议。厘清物质奖励对知识共享的影响和作用机制,有助于理解现有研究关于物质奖励对知识共享影响的争论,推动该理论进一步发展。以现有文献为基础,理清了物质奖励与知识共享之间的争议关系,构建了物质奖励对知识共享的作用机制框架,从整合视角进一步分析了争论产生的原因。最后,针对现有研究不足,提出未来可以通过划分知识类型、细化物质奖励及奖励对象,引入新视角、引入新的调节及中介机制等进行深入研究。通过构建物质奖励对知识共享的作用机制框架,不仅有利于加深对物质奖励影响知识共享过程的理解,推动该理论进一步发展,也能更好地指导企业运用物质奖励对员工知识进行管理。     

环境不确定状态下关系价值的实现路径

关注企业在价值网络中面临的外部环境,采用回归分析法检验了环境不确定、关系导向、信息共享对关系价值实现的影响。结果表明:不确定环境对长期关系导向有正向影响,且间接影响信息共享的内容和质量;长期关系导向对信息共享的内容和质量有正向影响,且间接影响关系价值;信息共享内容和质量直接影响关系价值。建议:处于复杂环境中的企业须树立长期关系导向、摈弃机会主义、共享高质量信息,这样才有助于实现关系价值。     

Oligopoly Information Exchange when Non-negative Price and Output Constraints may Bind

The oligopoly information exchange literature has consistently employed linear demand functions. This paper explores whether earlier results are sensitive to the assumption of linear demand. Non-linearity arises naturally from the condition that prices and outputs be non-negative. We show standard results on information sharing can be reversed when there is the chance that non-negativity constraints bind: in a homogeneous-goods Cournot duopoly with constant marginal costs, information sharing can be profitable and it can reduce social welfare.