基于宪法和刑诉法的角度对公正审判权性质的一点认识

要分析认识公正审判权的性质,首先应当明确一个问题,那就是,公正审判权是否仅仅是一个国际法上的概念。公正审判权并不是一个简单的概念,我们可以从宪法和刑诉法的双重角度对它进行解读。     

论民事诉讼审判权监督机制

目前，审判权在社会生活中的影响越来越大。剑桥大学教授阿克顿的名言：绝对的权力导致绝对的腐败，得到了普遍共识。为了发挥出审判的公正与智畿，必须完善审判权的监督制约机制。     

论程序公正在建设社会主义法治国家中的价值

随着中国法治建设的推进，程序公正成为当前中国公民普遍关心的问题。党的十七大强调要从制度上保证审判机关和检察机关依法独立公正地行使审判权和检察权。程序公正是实现司法公正的前提；司法公正是进行程序公正的最终目的和有力保障——这是司法公正和程序公正两者之间的辩证关系。实现程序公正是社会主义法治的本质要求。     

《能源宪章条约》中的公平公正待遇条款现代化:欧盟方案及中国因应

《能源宪章条约》（ECT）是能源领域唯一具有法律效力的多边协定，在推动能源领域多边合作的进程中作用显著。相较于国际投资的其他标准，ECT公平公正待遇条款修订迟滞，不符合实践需求。该条款业已成为能源投资者提起仲裁的主要依据，但仲裁庭却面临解释和适用上的双重困境。作为ECT的倡导者，欧盟率先制定了ECT现代化建议文本，通过列举式立法方式重置公平公正待遇条款，以五大构成要素界定公平公正待遇内容，能较好地应对现实困境，并为中国经贸协定中公平公正待遇条款的完善提供借鉴。在现代化背景下，结合ECT仲裁案例，解读欧盟关于ECT公平公正待遇条款的现代化方案，能为中国强化能源领域的投资保护提供启示。     

论自由裁量权与程序正义

法官是行使审判权的主体,自由裁量权是审判权的核心部分。从这个意义上说,法官正确行使自由裁量权是保障案件的审判公正与效率的关键。对于自由裁量权的概念我国法律是没有规定的,这是一个理论的概念。其主要含义是指法官在按照成文法规的指导下,对于具体问题,     

舆论监督与司法公正：互动中的碰撞与共赢

舆论监督与司法都以实现社会公正为价值目标,司法追求法律的公正,舆论监督追求道德的公正。由于在规范标准、实现过程上的差异,舆论与司法在对公正的理解上时常发生碰撞。要使舆论监督与司法要通过体制的完善走向共赢,需要界定传播媒介的地位、权利与义务;明确舆论监督权与公正审判权协调的制度空间;改革司法,减少司法公正对外部因素的依赖。     

公平公正待遇条款的革新及对中国的启示——以欧盟最新国际投资协定为视角

作为国际投资协定的核心条款之一,公平公正待遇条款几乎存在于所有的国际投资协定中。囿于该条款规定的模糊性,仲裁庭往往对其作出扩大解释,以保护投资者利益,所以国际投资争端仲裁实践中,公平公正待遇条款几乎到了无案不涉的程度,这严重损害了东道国对外资的规制权。鉴于此,欧盟在其最近参与的国际投资协定中对公平公正待遇条款作出了一些澄清和革新,以求平衡投资者权益和东道国主权利益。     

双边投资协定中的TRIPS-plus标准研究

投资协定中的知识产权保护是很重要的。通过将特定的知识产权纳入投资的定义范围,国际投资协定中的所有条款都适用于受保护的知识产权,这就使此类协定在公平与公正待遇、透明度义务、投资争端解决机制上为受保护的知识产权提供TRIPS-plus标准,我国应该采取的对策是,在有关投资的定义中增加限制性条款,对公平与公正待遇明确其含义,将透明度义务与公平与公正待遇独立,将与知识产权有关的纠纷排除在投资争端解决机制之外。     

浅析《合同法》的格式条款

为防止商家利用格式条款损害广大消费者的合法利益，《中华人民共和国合同法》对有关 格式条款作出了限制性规定，充分体现了国家对合同弱者──消费者的特别保护。对格式条款的 理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于 提供格式条款一方的解释，这样才能真正体现法律公平公正的原则。     

论司法独立与舆论监督

近年来，公众舆论在维护个体权利，揭露事实真相，表达民情民意，监督司法机关公正执法等方面起着越来越重要的作用。然而，也出现了舆论影响司法审判等负面影响。舆论监督是公众表达自由的宪法权利，而审判权独立也同样在宪法中予以规定。舆论自由与司法独立在维护人权和社会公正上具有共同的价值追求，然而两者却存在着张性。司法独立让住于舆论审判并非常态，应当加快相关司法制度的建设和舆论媒体监督的立法。     

Shopping for Human Rights. An Introduction to the Special Issue

Globalization, free trade, and individualization have opened up a worldwide marketplace for trading goods. The fair trade movement and other political consumerist endeavours view consumers as important active holders of responsibility for global welfare. Civil society and governments strive to teach consumers how political consumerism can be used as a push factor to change market capitalism. The market itself can also create an interest in political consumerism and, thereby, teach consumers about the political responsibility embedded in their shopping choices. When this happens, the market works as a pull factor for securing human rights. Questions can be raised about the significance of political consumers as a way to solve complex global problems. Political consumerism may be a fair-weather option that loses its attractiveness in times of downward private and corporate economic spirals. Parts of the fair trade movement believe that there are problems with sole reliance on voluntary consumer choice and using personal money and private capital to solve human rights problems by shopping them away. The exponential growth of voluntary codes of corporate conduct and labelling schemes has also created contradictory practices, incoherence in efforts, and superficial changes or what activists call “sweatwash.” Increasingly, many actors call on international law to create new standards that apply direct human rights obligations on corporations.     

国际贸易与劳工权利保护两者关系的法律规则视角

劳工保护在历史上成为一个国际性问题之初就是和公平贸易的诉求紧密联系在一起的。将劳工权益保护与贸易挂钩一方面可以更有效地保障劳动者,另一方面也可能制造阻碍自由贸易的非关税壁垒。发达国家、发展中国家以及在全球化进程中地位日益凸显的跨国公司在国际贸易活动中引入劳工标准都会导致自身内在利益的追求与外在道德形象维护的矛盾。不可回避的一个事实是,当今世界的国际贸易交往中,劳工权益保护问题的重要性被提到了一个相当重要的高度,不论在主权国家与国际组织的层面,还是在跨国公司和非政府组织的层面,劳工问题已深深嵌入到跨国贸易活动中。     

Fair Trade Coffee and Human Rights in Guatemala

This paper explores how the fair trade coffee market translates consumer action and shopping habits into the promotion of human rights in distant locales. This process does not occur through direct producer–consumer contact. Instead, it is channeled through two interrelated avenues. First, the fair trade certification system which requires producer groups to be democratic, transparent, and accountable and second, the relationships between producers and coffee roasters and importers, who, in this specific commodity chain, act as conduits for consumer actions and intentions. These two facets of the fair trade consumer market promote and protect the secure organizational space that is necessary for producer initiated community development. This freedom to identify and fulfill economic and social development goals through cooperation also reaffirms existing cultural traditions of service and mutual aid among producers. These key components of human rights compliance are critically important in countries such as Guatemala with its history of violent repression, structural inequality, and cultural discrimination against indigenous populations and community organizers. The analysis emerges from ongoing ethnographic research on a group of indigenous, fair trade coffee producers in Guatemala and their relationships with outside buyers and certifiers.

A comparative analysis of patients’ rights: an international perspective

Consumer rights are used as a framework comparing the patients’ rights of selected countries. Patients’ right documents of geographically dispersed countries, regional coalitions and international organizations were selected for analysis and comparison reflecting health and consumer policy. The content of patients’ rights policies, including populations addressed, basic consumer rights, dignity and privacy or confidentiality were analysed. The inclusion of consumer responsibilities and enforcement of patients’ rights was evaluated. Countries used comprehensive laws and charters to address patients’ rights. The consumer rights most often noted in the patients’ rights analysed were the rights to information, choice and redress. Five countries lacked inclusion of consumer responsibilities and the responsibility for enforcement. Suggestions for action on the part of family and consumer educators and scientists were offered.     

对我国上市公司会计政策选择权问题的探寻

会计政策选择是从允许选用的会计原则和会计处理方法中选出适合企业实际情况的会计政策。我国上市公司在会计政策选择权上存在失衡及职业经理人市场不健全等问题,在一定程度上成为生成交易性会计政策选择乃至不可靠会计信息的温床。在契约理论之上发展而来的利益相关者理论能够更好地配置会计政策选择权,需要对其进行更深入地实证研究     

控制权收益与企业融资方式选择——基于Myers-Majluf模型的分析框架

将控制权收益引入Myers-Majluf模型中,本文建立了一个企业融资方式选择模型。模型预测,由于控股股东和外部投资者的利益冲突,选择股权融资的上市公司存在过度投资行为,而选择负债融资的企业一般不存在过度投资行为;进一步的研究表明,控股股东的控制权收益加剧了企业股权融资偏好和过度投资行为。     

相关和自主的立体企业剩余产权--主体性的视角和观点

经济学的企业产权理论所揭示的是相关性企业产权,是关于产权的一般规定和共性,是不完整的。企业产权必定具有特殊性,具有共性之上的个性和相关性基础上的自主性,尤其是从管理学和主体性的视角观察,必定会得出这样的认识和结论。企业产权的本质是相关与自主统一的主体性剩余产权,而且是一种立体结构,有企业契约、团队生产和管理、企业和企业家创新等层面的相关和自主统一的主体性剩余产权。     

浅析根本违约制度

将违约形态划分为根本违约与非根本违约有着十分重要的意义,如果构成根本违约,受害方就拥有解除合同的选择权,权益将受到更好的保护。     

Preserving intellectual property rights: Managerial insight into the escalating counterfeit market quandary

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection reports that counterfeit goods seizures were up 83% in 2006. While a plethora of anti-counterfeiting strategies target distribution channels, international organizations, pirates, and company-based initiatives, few reports debate the effectiveness of these distinct anti-counterfeiting tactics to curb the problem. For this study we conducted in-depth interviews with United States managers to gauge the efficacy of various anti-counterfeiting tactics to preserve intellectual property rights. The results indicate that corporate managers find the practice of encouraging distributors to notify the manufacturer about counterfeits, as well as educating both employees and channel members about the counterfeit problem, to be some of the most effective ways to fight pirates. However, the managers report many other tactics are futile, including providing financial incentives for distributors to reject counterfeits and stressing the harmful effects of fake goods in advertising. We recommend a specific program that firms can employ to deter counterfeiting, including managing the registration of all trademarks and patents in key markets, establishing a company-based enforcement team, monitoring the growth of fakes through a central information repository, developing a muti-pronged action plan, and preparing to fight pirates through investigative work in conjunction with local law enforcement.     

公司股东股利分配请求权的思考

公司股东股利分配请求权虽然作为股东的一项权利确立下来,但立法的粗糙与实务操作的不规范,以及与之相配套的理论研究的空缺等,严重影响了股东的这种物质性权利的实现。实际上,通过解析股利分配请求权的两种权利属性——期待权和既得权,该项股东权的分层次保护获得了依据;通过重构股利分配的公司利润基础以及利润分配方式等提供了该项股东权实现的充实基础;税收成本以及资本投资性质的研究角度使股利分配更具有可操作性;而法律责任机制的完善是最后一道保障。在此基础上,公司股东的股利分配请求权才获得了完整的意义。