Latent Class Analysis of Consumer Preferences for Wine in Tirana,Albania

This research aimed to determine wine attributes preferred by consumers in Tirana, Albania, and consumer segments based on preferences and sociodemographic factors. To accomplish these objectives, a conjoint choice experiment was designed. Data were analyzed with the latent class approach. Initial results showed a 5-class model fit best. Results indicated that younger people tend to prefer Italian wines over domestic wines, whereas some older consumers strongly prefer domestic, lower priced wines. Other domestic wine consumers sought higher prices, possibly indicating a niche demand for high-quality Albanian wines. The wine industry and its marketers might use this information to strategically market their wine to different groups. Overall, the majority of the respondents preferred Italian wines, but many might be persuaded toward domestic wine. Government assistance in standardizing the quality of wine and introducing new grape cultivars and efficient farming practices should aid long-term competitiveness of domestic wine in Albania.     

乳山市发展葡萄酒产业的思考

[目的]在简要回顾世界葡萄酒产量波动和国内葡萄酒市场发展空间的基础上,认真分析总结台依湖国际酒庄、烟台时代酒业、烟台张裕、蓬莱和甘肃武威等发展葡萄酒产业的成功经验,提出未来乳山发展葡萄酒产业的对策建议,为在具有自然优势的地区推广适宜的葡萄酒特色产业模式提供参考和借鉴。[方法]结合文献资料及实地调研,运用归纳演绎方法系统阐述乳山市发展葡萄酒产业的优势条件,运用实证分析方法探讨研究乳山市发展葡萄酒产业存在技术支撑力度不到位、缺少相应公共服务平台及产业协调发展力度不够等问题及发展葡萄酒产业的对策建议。[结果]乳山市要发展葡萄酒产业唯有整合优势资源,实施供给侧结构性改革,满足生产高质量的葡萄和葡萄酒、尊重人和环境、保证葡萄与葡萄酒长期的经济效益3方面的要求,充分发挥政府的引导作用,科学规划转型发展个性化强和性价比高的葡萄酒庄,拓展葡萄酒与文化的多样性融合发展,形成多核驱动格局。[结论]研究结果为探讨在具有自然优势的地区推广适宜的葡萄酒特色产业模式提供了一定依据,葡萄酒产业的发展过程中应充分考虑地域的优势资源和市场供需,因地制宜,科学规划,从实际出发,立足当地特色,从资源、生态及文化因素等多方面融合分析、相互配合,最终促进具有自然优势的地区发展个性化强和性价比高的葡萄酒产业。     

广东与浙江、福建渔港建设比较研究

渔港建设作为建设海洋强国的重要抓手之一,对渔民的生命财产安全、渔业转型升级至关重要。本文对广东、浙江、福建三省在防台避风能力、建设资金投入、建设效率、渔港功能及认识等五个方面的比较研究,认为广东省渔港建设水平总体上比浙、闽落后10年左右,提出制定规划、高起点定位,加大投入、高标准要求,创新体制机制、高效率推进的推进建设建议。     

The evolution of foreign wine demand in China

We estimate source‐differentiated wine demand in China using the absolute price version of the Rotterdam demand system. Within the last decade, China has gone from obscurity to an important participant in global wine trade. The continual growth of Chinese wine imports suggests that a one‐time structural shift approach may not fully capture how consumption patterns or demand preferences have changed over time. Thus, a rolling or moving regression procedure is used to account for continual adjustments in import demand patterns and to evaluate overall parameter instability. Our results confirm that Chinese consumers hold French wine in high regard and that French wine demand has consistently increased over the last decade, more than any other exporting source. Consumers in China have gone from allocating about 1/3 to over 1/2 of every dollar to French wine and the expenditure elasticity for French wine mostly increased while the market was expanding. Although Australian wine has a very solid standing in the Chinese market, results suggest that its market share will likely remain unchanged. Marginal budget share and expenditure elasticity estimates indicate that Australia will continue to account for about 20 per cent of the foreign wine market in China.     

The Need for a Marketing Reform: The Wines of the Loire Region

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on how the French wine industry and, in particular, the wine-producing Loire region in France is affected by global and domestic factors. An overview of some of the vast regulations prevailing in the French wine industry that prohibit the wine producers to compete efficiently, especially with the wines from the “new world,” is provided. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis is used as the tool to study the competitiveness of the French wine industry in general and the Loire region in particular. The French wine industry is too fragmented and subjected to too many controls and, as a result thereof, is not flexible enough to respond to market opportunities. French wines have the unique blend of “historical intangibles” of romance and mystery that have been part and parcel of wine for many centuries. This advantage is no longer a major competitive advantage, and the time has come to make decisions on which of the vast range of regulations are worthwhile to maintain to contribute positively to the best interests of the French wine industry.     

Consumer response evaluation of a greek quality wine

This paper reports on the attempt made to identify consumer response on certified quality wine with a destination of origin (PDO) indication. Given that the current consumer interest in quality food has increased, it is important to measure their level of awareness of and overall behaviour towards these products. Emphasis is given on quality wine, produced in the region of Peza, Crete, which is labeled as a cooperative PDO product with high quality standards. A survey that utilized a self-administered questionnaire was designed to obtain the data needed for the study that took place in the Attiki region. Consumers who participated in the survey were asked to indicate (i) their general level of knowledge on PDO products and on Peza cooperative wine in particular, (ii) their attitudes towards several quality attributes, considered when buying and consuming wine, (iii) their intention to purchase a higher priced Peza cooperative wine with a quality certification and PDO indication label. The results seem to be important for all the market bodies that are involved in the supply chain of this product since they may be a guide to developing production and marketing strategies that instil consumer confidence, assure consumer satisfaction and therefore satisfy demand.     

基于代谢组学技术的不同白酒挥发性成分差异分析

本文以同一品牌两种酱香型白酒为例,建立了基于现代分析仪器结合代谢组学技术判定不同白酒挥发性差异成分的方法.采用顶空箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Arrow-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SP...     

Consumer Valuation of Environmentally Friendly Production Practices in Wines,considering Asymmetric Information and Sensory Effects

Agricultural producers and food marketers are increasingly responding to environmentally friendly cues from consumers, even though privately appropriated values associated with a range of food products commonly rank above their public‐good counterparts. Wine can be considered an ideal product to examine these issues given consumers’ highly subjective sensory preferences towards wine, and a winegrape production process that is relatively intensive in the use of chemical inputs for the control of disease and infection. Semi‐dry Riesling wines made from field research trials following environmentally friendly canopy management practices were utilised in a lab experiment to better understand preferences for environmental attributes in wine. A combined sensory and monetary evaluation framework explicitly considered asymmetric order effects. Empirical results revealed that sensory effects dominate extrinsic environmental attributes. Once consumer willingness to pay (WTP) was conditioned on a wine’s sensory attributes, the addition of environmentally friendly information did not affect their WTP; however, adding sensory information significantly influenced WTP initially based only on environmental attributes. The results confirm the idea that promoting environmentally friendly winegrape production practices would increase demand and lead to higher premiums for the products, but are only sustainable if consumers’ sensory expectations are met on quality.     

The relation between Australian wine show results and prices

This paper assesses wine show results and their relation with wine prices across seven Australian shows. Consistent with previous studies, only a moderate degree of agreement for medals exists among shows. The correlation of wine show points across shows is also only moderate. Hedonic wine price functions, which employ show medal/points as direct measures of quality, indicate that for some shows estimated premiums are statistically significant and may possibly be practically important. The relation of show opinion with prices, however, is reduced for models which recognise the separate impact of objective quality and show opinion on prices. The results imply that producers should seek to improve the objective quality of their wines to achieve price premiums. Producers could also selectively target some wine show opinions to gain additional higher prices.     

Politics, Economics, and the Regulation of Direct Interstate Shipping in the Wine Industry

In 1986, California passed legislation restricting the direct importation of wine from another state by California residents unless the originating state allowed direct shipment from California wineries to residents in that state. The result has been a patchwork of direct shipment regulations across states. We examine how various economic and public interest factors affect the likelihood that a state adopts a change in its direct shipment regulation and the nature of that change. Our results suggest that private and public sector economic considerations lie at the root of direct shipment regulations in the wine industry.     

Qualifying tradition: Instituted practices in the making of the organic wine market in Languedoc‐Roussillon,France

Within France, the Languedoc‐Roussillon region (now part of Occitanie) is home to about one third of the nation's area of certified organic vineyards. Each year, the world's largest organic wine fair, Millésime Bio, takes place in the city of Montpellier. This trade fair is an important site where organic wine is not only sold but also given meaning in the market, and importantly, differentiated from but made commensurate with conventional wine. In this paper, we examine processes and practices of ‘qualifying’ organic wine, including by means of relational processes of association and dissociation. Drawing on collaborative event ethnography and other qualitative methods, we focus on individual and institutional actors engaged in creating forms of commodified meanings that circulate with organic wine. In Languedoc‐Roussillon, these meanings reflect and reinforce a longer‐term so‐called shift to quality in wine production, yet also emphasize continuity over change, particularly through emphasis on ongoing role of artisanal, independent growers. We argue that qualification thereby works not only through association with independent growers but also by dissociation, specifically from Languedoc‐Roussillon's agrarian tradition of generic wine production and from the central role played by wine cooperatives in the social reproduction of the region's small‐holding grower class.     

Drinking cheaply: the demand for basic wine in Italy

The wine market has evolved dramatically over the last three decades. The premium wine segment has expanded significantly to the detriment of basic wines. Nevertheless, in traditional wine producing and consuming countries, inexpensive wines still account for a large market share, both in volume and value. Marketing strategies for such wines are changing in an attempt to tap this increasingly crowded market segment. Despite its importance, the basic wine segment has not been studied in‐depth and is often assumed to have no product differentiation. This paper tried to ascertain the existence of a possible degree of heterogeneity within nonpremium wines and to measure, by means of elasticity computation, the relationships among categories of wines aggregated with criteria that go beyond price. A demand system (censored QUAIDS) was estimated, using a statistically representative panel of 6,773 Italian households, to see to what extent, if any, substitution occurs in home consumption of basic wines, which is the main channel of distribution of inexpensive wines in Italy. Although price is an important lever in supply policies, our results also suggest the importance of packaging, such as carton as an alternative to glass.     

The Pricing of Experience Goods: The Example of en primeur Wine

The market for "primeur" wine in the Bordeaux region allows producers to sell wine that is still in barrels. As with all experience goods, producers send quality signals to uninformed buyers. Using original data on Bordeaux wines, we show that the pricing behavior of producers depends to a large extent on their reputation, and much less on short-term changes in quality (as measured by experts' grades). We also find that the primeur price has an informative role, since a 10% increase in primeur price leads to a 3% increase in prices on the market for bottled wine.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Hedonic wine price functions with different prices

This study examines the impact that recommended retail prices, actual market prices and the release of a prominent wine guide have on Australian wine hedonic price estimates, for attributes such as sensory quality, winery reputation and grape region. In general, hedonic price estimates appear to be independent of prices employed. The main identified differences in estimates relate to the size of the producer and some regional impacts. For market prices only, increases in producer size are estimated to reduce prices. This implies the existence of supply chain quantity discounting price practices. The impact of an authoritative wine guide appears to have a negligible influence on prices in Australia. In the absence of market transaction prices, the common practice of employing recommended prices for hedonic wine price estimation is defendable.     

Protecting Quality of Wine Exports to China: Barriers and Bridges

There is a great potential for wine to deteriorate during shipment and storage of wines being exported from the United States to China. Certification of storage conditions such as that provided by the Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency (HKQAA) is a key bridge to protecting quality and maintaining value in the auction market there. A literature review and semistructured interviews with winery managers, freight forwarders, transportation experts, and representatives of HKQAA provide qualitative analysis of barriers and bridges to protecting quality. The article presents a strong case for the adoption of storage and transportation standards for wine, such as the Wine Storage Management System implemented by HKQAA. Looking at wine exports through the lens of Total Quality Management provides the basis for recommending formal certification.     

Demand under product differentiation: an empirical analysis of the US wine market*

Oversupply has led to a number of perplexities for the Australian wine industry in recent times. When disaggregated from the industry level, however, the problem can be better described as a range of attribute‐specific disequilibria. To date, the solutions to this problem have predominantly revolved around supply‐side policies of reducing output through crop thinning or vine pulling. By contrast, this paper focuses on the demand side and argues that the disequilibria may be reduced by gaining a better understanding of the demand for Australian wine. A discrete choice model of product differentiation is used to estimate the demand for wine in Australia's second largest export market, the United States. Implications of the analysis are explored.     

港口体制改革前后中国港口效率演化研究

论文利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对我国主要港口2000~2010年间的经营效率进行分析。结果表明,港口体制改革之后我国港口吞吐量增长迅速,但运营效率变化并不十分明显。通过生产率指数分析和效率改进分析发现,港口平均综合技术效率的变化并不明显,并且实际投入值远远大于有效投入值。这说明港口体制改革之后,我国港口行业出现了无序竞争、港口建设规模不合理、投入拥挤等问题。最后有针对性地提出了改善我国港口营运效率的政策建议。     

The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sparkling Wine Characteristics and Behavior of Sparkling Wine Consumers in Croatia

ABSTRACT

Sparkling wines accounted for 7.7% of the total wine consumption in 2011 in the world. Even though sparkling wine remains a long way behind still wine in total volume of production, world consumption of sparkling wine is expected to grow at a faster rate with an 8.5% increase by 2016. Although Croatia is a country with a high residual per capita consumption, the share of sparkling wine consumption compared with total wine consumption amounts only 1.3%. To collect data on Croatian sparkling wine consumers’ behavior and attitudes, we performed online research with 273 consumers. The research confirmed the low frequency of sparkling wine consumption. The most important characteristics of sparkling wines for Croatian consumers are their intrinsic characteristics (taste, smell) together with price:quality ratio, while visual appearance, expert reviews, or wine prizes are less important. Consumption of sparkling wines is generally associated with specific celebrations. Due to such perception of exclusive wine use, there is a need to break down this prejudice by better sparkling wine promotion through wine-tasting events, seminars, and gastronomy offers, especially for younger consumers.     

Segmenting the Wine Market Based on Price: Hedonic Regression when Different Prices mean Different Products

Many economists have estimated hedonic price functions for red and white wine. However, estimating a single hedonic price function imposes the assumption that the implicit prices of the attributes are the same for any red or white wine. We argue that even within these two categories, wines are differentiated, and disregarding this heterogeneity causes an aggregation bias in the estimated implicit prices. By estimating hedonic functions specific to price ranges, we show that the wine market is segmented into several product classes or market segments. We find that a model accounting for the existence of wine classes has greater ability to explain the variability in the data and produces more accurate and interpretable results regarding the implicit prices of the attributes.