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1.
Edward O’Boyle 《Forum for Social Economics》2013,42(1):67-79
Bill Waters’ dissertation “Entrepreneurship, Dualism, and Causality: An Appreciation of the Work of Joseph A. Schumpeter” completed at Georgetown University in 1952 is significant for two reasons. The first is clear enough from the very beginning: Schumpeter and the entrepreneur. The other comes to light through hindsight: Bill brings to bear an understanding of economic affairs which is personalist rather than individualist or collectivist in nature. In short, Bill sees as the main activating force in economic affairs not the impersonal forces of the market, not the central planning board, but the person who innovates, who acts bolding in economic affairs, the banker who creates credit, and the capitalist who supplies old funds. Thus the Waters’ dissertation says much not only about Schumpeter but also about Bill himself. His dissertation is his only book-length publication. 相似文献
2.
Panayotis G. Michaelides John Milios Angelos Vouldis Spyros Lapatsioras 《Forum for Social Economics》2010,39(2):171-189
This paper compares Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Lederer with respect to their visions concerning the notions of economic growth,
technology and business cycles. Their theoretical investigations in a number of thematic areas seem to converge to similar
views. More precisely, both Schumpeter and Lederer regard the capitalist economy as a dynamic system where the introduction
of innovations is its distinctive characteristic. In such a system, static analysis based on the concept of equilibrium is
useful as an expository device to describe the adjustment mechanisms of the economic system. They also paid attention to the
emergence of large oligopolistic firms and considered this development as being interwoven with technological progress. Both
economists used similar arguments to emphasize the link between economic development and technological change. In their analyses,
Schumpeter and Lederer referred to psychological factors motivating the entrepreneur, in order to explain the forces that
set in motion the process of innovation and thus economic development. The concept of technological unemployment is also described
in a similar manner by both of them. Regarding the issue of business cycles, Schumpeter and Lederer considered them to be
a result of endogenous processes within a capitalist economy. Lederer in his late works, argued in a way analogous to Schumpeter,
that economic fluctuations are caused from the disruptions created by innovations, which are introduced discontinuously into
the economic system. Conclusively, Schumpeter and Lederer delivered theses which are similar in scope and conclusions probably
because they were developed in the same social, political, theoretical and ideological environment and were also well acquainted
with each other’s ideas. 相似文献
3.
Schumpeter formulated a ‘conduct model’ of entrepreneurial behaviour. Received wisdom has emphasised the economic functions
of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur, neglecting behavioural aspects. Schumpeter’s model is examined; it posits a continuum of behaviours
which are ‘entrepreneurial’, that rely on socially situated, tacit knowledge and are expressions of conscious, subjective
rationality. Schumpeter’s model excluded unconscious optimisation and decision rules derived from bounded rationality. Comparisons
are drawn with modern neoclassical, Austrian, and the older behavioural characterisations of entrepreneurial behaviour. The
newer ‘effectuation’ model of entrepreneurial behaviour is also contrasted with Schumpeter’s approach. We find, among other
things, that modern Schumpeterian economics associated with Nelson and Winter is not a natural continuation of Schumpeter’s
model. However, some developments in neo-Schumpeterian economics, including the effectuation model deriving from the older
behavioural tradition, are congruent with both the original ‘conduct model’ and Schumpeter’s directions for further research. 相似文献
4.
Evolutionary macroeconomics: a research agenda 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
John Foster 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):5-28
In this article, the goal is to offer a new research agenda for evolutionary macroeconomics. The article commences with a
broad review of the main ideas in the history of thought concerning the determinants of economic growth and an introduction
to the evolutionary perspective. This is followed by a selective review of recent evolutionary approaches to macroeconomics.
These approaches are found to be somewhat disconnected. It is argued that the ‘micro-meso-macro’ approach to economic evolution
is capable of resolving this problem by offering an analytical framework in which macroeconomics can be built upon ‘meso-foundations’,
not micro-foundations, as asserted in the mainstream. It is also stressed that the economic system and its components are
complex adaptive systems and that this complexity must not be assumed away through the imposition of simplistic assumptions
made for analytical convenience. It is explained that complex economic systems are, at base, energetic in character but differ
from biological complex systems in the way that they collect, store and apply knowledge. It is argued that a focus upon stocks
and flows of energy and knowledge in complex economic systems can yield an appropriate analytical framework for macroeconomics.
It is explained how such a framework can be connected with key insights of both Schumpeter and Keynes that have been eliminated
in modern macroeconomics. A macroeconomic framework that cannot be operationalized empirically is of limited usefulness so,
in the last part of the article, an appropriate methodology for evolutionary macroeconomics is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Milan Zafirovski 《Forum for Social Economics》2001,31(1):27-58
This paper makes a proposal for reintroducing sociological or social economics into contemporary economic science. Such a
reintroduction is proposed to be substantive, by analyzing the social structuring of the economy, and formal, by including
sociological/social economics in the current (JEL) classification system of economic disciplines (code A.15). Both epistemological
and ontological arguments can be presented to support the proposal. Epistemological arguments invoke the presence of essential
components of sociological economics in the development of economic thought, and ontological arguments stress the role of
social factors in economic life. In this paper I present primarily epistemological (theoretical-methodological) arguments
for sociological economics, and secondarily ontological ones. I show that the present designation, sociology of economics,
is something different from sociological or social economics in that the former refers to economic epistemology (knowledge)
and the latter to economic ontology (reality). I conclude that, in addition to a sociology of economic science, we need a
sociology of economic life.
There is nothing surprising in the habit of economists to invade the sociological field. A major part of their work—practically
the whole of what they have to say on institutions and on the…[social] forces which shape economic behavior—inevitably overlaps the sociologist’s preserves. In consequence, a no man’s land or
everyman’s land has developed that might conveniently be called economic sociology … [or sociological economics] (Schumpeter 1956:134).
The author is grateful to two anonymous referees for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this article. 相似文献
6.
Jack Vromen 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(3):267-285
Neuroeconomics started off as a hybrid project. Two camps, behavioral economics in the scanner (BES) and Glimcher’s economics
of neural activity (ENA), could be clearly distinguished. The camps disagreed not only about substantive issues but also about
what neuroeconomics ultimately aims to accomplish. Recent developments suggest that the gap between the two camps is closing,
however. There is a growing consensus, it seems, about the brain areas in which the final stages of individual decision-making
occur and about relevant features of brain activity in these areas. BES and Glimcher’s ENA also seem to converge on the view
that the neuroeconomics’ ultimate aim is to contribute to the construction of a new utility theory with stronger predictive
power than standard expected utility theory. While the potential importance of an improved utility theory for economic theory
cannot be denied, however, it remains to be seen whether an improved utility theory is something economic theory needs most
badly or most urgently. Especially if economic theory is not ultimately interested in individual decisions, but in how aggregate
behavior responds to incentives, attention should not be limited to what happens inside the skulls of individuals. What happens
outside the individuals’ skulls, in the environments of individuals and in their interactions patterns, should also receive
due attention. 相似文献
7.
Maroš Servátka 《Experimental Economics》2007,10(2):199-200
The three dissertation essays investigate different aspects of reputation in games where fairness is an important consideration.
The first essay studies the effects of reputation on indirect reciprocity in different dictator games. The first experiment
places dictators in two environments where they can either give money to the paired player or take money away from them: in
one treatment the paired player is a stranger and in the other treatment the dictator has information on the paired player’s
reputation. Contrary to anecdotal evidence, the statistical tests show that the dictators’ behavior towards a stranger is
not statistically significantly different from their behavior towards an individual with an established reputation. The findings
arise because a high proportion of dictators acted purely in their own self interest in both treatments. The data also provides
evidence that dictators are more generous when they know that their choices (but not their identities) will be revealed in
the future. In the second experiment the dictators’ choices were restricted to only generous actions. In such environment
the dictators sent more money on average to recipients with a reputation for being generous than to recipients without a reputation.
The second essay explores the ways in which information about others’ actions affects one’s own behavior in a dictator game.
The experimental design discriminates behaviorally between three possible effects of recipient’s within-game reputation on
the dictator’s decision: reputation causing indirect reciprocity, social influence, and identification. The separation of
motives helps to identify the mechanisms of social transmission of impulses towards selfish or generous behavior. The data
analysis reveals that the reputation effects have a stronger impact on dictators’ actions than social influence and identification.
In the third essay1 we examine the reputation effects in a labor market setting by analyzing the influence of negative technological shocks on
long run relationships between firms and workers. The positive correlation between wage and effort in static conditions has
been demonstrated in many experimental studies and has been one of the prominent explanations for the existence of wage rigidity.
We subject these findings to further tests in a non-stationary environment that better corresponds to outside-the-lab market
conditions. We observe the positive correlation of wages and effort but do not find support for downward wage rigidity in
our data. Once the shocks occur, firms lower the wages and relationships often break down. The workers who accept a lower
wage respond with exerting a lower effort.
JEL Classification C70, C91, D63, D64
1Co-authored with Ninghua Du.
Dissertation Committee:
Dissertation Advisor: James C. Cox
Martin Dufwenberg,
Price V. Fishback,
Ronald L. Oaxaca 相似文献
8.
The hard core of conventional economics consists of a set of four main premises regarding the economy. Simply put they are
the law of nature, the individual, certainty, and contracts. Juxtapositioned to these four premises of conventional economics,
there are four from personalist economics: institutions, the person, uncertainty and status. In sharp constrast with the overwhelming
majority of our contemporaries in economics whose views on economic affairs are grounded in individualism, we think about
economic affairs in a market system in terms of personalism. Personalist economics is human economics because it puts the
human person at the center of economic affairs. Here our presentation focuses on three central economic activities: consumption,
work and leisure. In addressing these activities we emphasize that (1) human persons are materialized spirits and (2) human
nature is two dimensional — individual and social. In our remarks we rely heavily on Emmanuel Mounier and John Paul II.
Mayo Research Institute
In the field of scientific research, a positivistic mentality took hold which not only abandoned the Christian vision of the
world, but more especially rejected every appeal to a metaphysical or moral vision. It follows that certain scientists, lacking
any ethical point of reference, are in danger of putting at the centre of their concerns something other than the human person
and the entirety of the person's life. Further still, some of these, sensing the opportunities of technological progress,
seem to succumb not only to a market-based logic, but also to the temptation of a quasi-divine power over nature and even
over the human being [John Paul II, 1998, sect. 46]. 相似文献
9.
In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Joseph A. Schumpeter concluded that socialism would eventually displace capitalism in Western democracies. This would come
about as a result of the superior performance of capitalism. We extract six “stylized” propositions that are essential elements
of Schumpeter's prediction about the fate of capitalism. These propositions are confronted with the development of the Swedish
economy. The three main results of the analysis are:
(1) The evolution of the Swedish economy closely followed Schumpeter's predictions until about 1980: Large firms became increasingly
predominant in production and innovative activity, ownership of firms became more and more concentrated, individual entrepreneurship
waned in importance, the general public grew increasingly hostile towards capitalism, and by the late 1970s explicit proposals
for a gradual transfer of ownership of firms from private hands were launched.
(2) Design of tax and industrial policies fueled a development of the economy along the lines predicted by Schumpeter. In
general, the policies discouraged private wealth accumulation. In particular, the policies favored concentration of firms
and concentration of private ownership.
(3) The turning point away from the path to socialism coincides with real world developments that disclosed two major flaws
in Schumpeter's analysis. First, the ever more obvious failure of socialism in Eastern Europe went against Schumpeter's assertion
that socialism can work. Second, Schumpeter, who thought that modern technology would make the giant corporation increasingly
predominant, did not foresee the revival of entrepreneurship that took place in the Western countries around 1980. 相似文献
10.
Marie-Louise Vierø 《Economic Theory》2009,41(2):175-212
This paper derives a representation of preferences for a choice theory with vague environments; vague in the sense that the
agent does not know the precise lotteries over outcomes conditional on states. Instead, he knows only a possible set of these
lotteries for each state. Thus, this paper’s main departure from the standard subjective expected utility model is to relax
an assumption about the environment, rather than weakening the axiomatic structure. My model is consistent with the behavior
observed in the Ellsberg experiment. It can capture the same type of behavior as the multiple priors models, but can also
result in behavior that is different from both the behavior implied by standard subjective expected utility models and the
behavior implied by the multiple priors models.
This paper is a revised chapter of my Ph.D. dissertation at Cornell University. I am very grateful to David Easley for extensive
comments and suggestions. I also thank Larry Blume, Ani Guerdjikova, Edi Karni, Ted O’Donoghue, Maureen O’Hara, Jacob Sagi,
seminar participants at the University of Copenhagen, Cornell University, ESEM 2006, Fuqua—Duke University, FUR 2006, Johns
Hopkins University, Purdue University, Queen’s University, the University of Warwick, the associate editor, and an anonymous
referee for comments and suggestions. 相似文献
11.
Rob Hart 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2009,42(4):429-450
We model long-run economic development through technology adoption under scientific uncertainty about environmental effects.
There are four possible long-run equilibria in a socially planned economy: ‘High-growth’, adopt rapidly, but abandon damaging
technologies once revealed (DDT, CFCs); ‘Cautious’, brake the introduction of new technologies to avoid mistakes (genetically
modified organisms); ‘No-growth’, halt technological progress to preserve secondary knowledge; and ‘Collapse’, adopt rapidly
without ever abandoning damaging technologies. In the base parameterization a short-sighted social planner chooses the cautious
strategy. A far-sighted planner chooses the high-growth strategy, unless damages are irreversible in which case the cautious
strategy again dominates. Regulatory options in the market economy are investigated. Pollution taxes do not affect the firm’s
level of precaution if they can only be applied after the adopting firm has reaped the benefits; however, they do encourage
the abandonment of damaging technologies. Liability rules do affect precaution, but may lead to excessive caution, or even
a no-growth trap. 相似文献
12.
Maria T. Brouwer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):83-105
This paper interprets the discussion on entrepreneurship and economic development that started off with Weber's papers on
the Protestant Ethic. Weber sought the reason for the relatively rapid growth of the Occident in the rational, Calvinist attitude
to life. Calvinism – in his view – exactly suited a society of free labourers, who were not tied to master and soil by extra-economic
considerations as in tribal and feudal societies. Schumpeter gave an alternative explanation, emphasizing the importance of
innovation and entrepreneurship. Knight, who stressed neither rationality nor innovation but uncertainty and perceptiveness
as the sole source of progress and profits, followed up German language writing on this subject. Only the investor who can
detect hitherto hidden qualities in people can gain. The paper demonstrates how these three authors influenced each other.
The debate between these three authors has raised many issues of governance and organization that feature contemporary thinking. 相似文献
13.
Arnold Heertje 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1996,6(4):339-345
This article is a review essay on Stolper’s recent book, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, The Public Life of a Private Man. The author
recommends the book for a broad readership, although he raises a few critical observations. 相似文献
14.
Schumpeter on unemployment 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Joseph Alois Schumpeter’s approach to the phenomenon of unemployment differs strongly from the traditional classification
with its strict distinctions between frictional, cyclical and structural unemployment. By relating these three categories
to his theory of creative destruction, Schumpeter collapsed them all into one: technological unemployment. In our paper, we
provide a systematic overview and discussion of Schumpeter’s varied writings on unemployment, from 1908 to 1954. We compare
his view with the positions of some of his contemporaries, such as Wicksell, Hicks, Beveridge and Keynes. Finally, we discuss
to what extent recent writers, such as Aghion, Howitt and Caballero, have integrated Schumpeter’s approach into modern macroeconomics. 相似文献
15.
Mainstream monetary theory considers money only as an instrumentmeant to facilitate trading without having any effect on incomeor on the evolution of the economic system. The aim of thispaper is to elaborate a monetary theory capable of supportingthe thesis of money non-neutrality based on the arguments developedby Keynes and Schumpeter. The synthesis of the theories of thesetwo great economists will be formulated starting from the twopoints which are common in the views of Keynes and Schumpeter.First, in contrast with mainstream theory, Keynes and Schumpeterstate that the diffusion of a fiat money induces a radical modificationinto the way in which the economic system works. Second, whenKeynes and Schumpeter describe the reasons why money and financialaggregates are not neutral, they highlight the fundamental roleof the credit market and of banks; in contrast with the mainstreamtheory, they do not consider the credit market as the mirrorimage of the goods market. 相似文献
16.
Edward J. O'Boyle 《Forum for Social Economics》2002,31(2):25-43
This article focuses on the contributions of six economists schooled in the Jesuit tradition. Four are Jesuit priests: Heinrich
Pesch and Oswald von Nell-Breuning who are German, and Bernard Dempsey and Joseph Becker who are American. Two others, Goetz
Briefs and William Waters, are lay persons who are referred to as “Jesuits without collars.” Five have direct ties to one
another. Von Nell Breuning was a student of Pesch, as was Briefs. Waters was a student of Briefs, and Dempsey was influenced
by Pesch and von Nell-Breuning. All five are solidarist economists who think about economics and economic affairs in a distinct
way which originates with Pesch. Today they would be called personalist economists. The distinctive work of these six Jesuits
is barely visible in the ranks of academic economists. Their contributions should be highlighted before they are lost forever
to those who sense there is something inadequate about mainstream economics. 相似文献
17.
Daniel John Zizzo 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(1):91-103
Sharing a common fate with some people but not others may affect how economic agents behave in economic transactions, quite
independently of strategic incentives. We present an experimental test of the effect of perceptions of common fate on the
inducement of economic discrimination in bilateral settings. In settings where the bargaining power was all with one subject
(the dictator game and a ‘unilateral power game’), about half of the subjects engaged in negative discrimination: insiders
were not treated better relative to control sessions, but outsiders were treated worse. Discrimination may be induced by a
more conflictual perception of the decision problem. 相似文献
18.
Leonardo Rezende 《Economic Theory》2009,38(1):169-185
In a complex procurement a buyer may consider biasing the auction rules in order to account for differences in product characteristics
offered by the sellers. This paper studies the gathering, disclosure and use of information about this bias. While we also
describe the optimal procurement auction in our setting, the main focus of the paper is on the case where the buyer does not
have commitment power. We find that without commitment full disclosure of the buyer’s preferences is optimal. Furthermore,
lack of commitment distorts the buyer’s incentives to learn about its preferences: unlike the commitment case, without commitment
the value of this information can be negative.
Based on Chapter 3 of my Ph.D. dissertation at Stanford University. I gratefully acknowledge the support of a John M. Olin
Dissertation Fellowship and a Melvin and Joan Lane Stanford Graduate Fellowship. Thanks to Pat Bajari, Tim Bresnahan, Vinicius
Carrasco, George Deltas, Jonathan Levin, Paul Milgrom, Ilya Segal and an anonymous referee for valuable suggestions. 相似文献
19.
王志凯 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2009,4(2):292-316
Along with the implementation of reform and open up policy in China, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, two provinces have got rapid economic
development and greatly contributed to China’s market transition. Jiangsu, Zhejiang together with Shanghai, have shaped China’s
economic heartland—the Yangtze River Delta Economic Region. Undoubtedly, the private sector is the driving force for the tremendous
economic development in the Yangtze River Delta, particularly for facilitating institutional transition and economic development.
Fortunately, this kind of economic development driven by the private sector was not only restricted in the Yangtze River Delta
Region, but also across the country as it has been gradually extended nationwide. This paper is to look at the development
of the private sector in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas and particularly trace its fantastic effects on nationwide economic development
and market transition.
相似文献
20.
Towards a Disequilibrium Theory of Endogenous Economic Growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert U. Ayres 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1998,11(3-4):289-300
This paper discusses the need for a new approach to economic growth theory. The standard theory of growth-in-equilibrium driven
by exogenous, uncaused, productivity gains has an implication that is both unjustified and perverse from a policy perspective:
that government intervention of any kind can only introduce constraints and reduce option space, thus decreasing potential
growth. It is argued that growth theory should (1) acknowledge the importance of natural resources, especially fossil fuels,
as a driver of past and present economic growth, (2) incorporate an explicit recognition that growth is a consequence of technological
innovation, especially radical innovation, that often responds to natural resource scarcities or other societal needs and
(3) explicitly reflect the fact that the important (i.e. scarce) factors of production in economics can and do change over
time, i.e. from a rural ‘cowboy’ economy of the past to an urbanized ‘spaceship’ economy of the future. In short, it should
reflect the fact that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’. The first and third of these modifications have been proposed
before, but not in combination. The third seems to be new. 相似文献