长江流域能源综合效率的时空演变与影响因素研究

能源综合效率将经济、环境与社会因素相结合进行综合度量,响应了中国提高能源利用效率、建设环境友好型社会的号召.文章利用超效率SBM模型,对1997-2017年长江流域的能源综合效率进行计算,对计算结果从时间与空间两方面进行分析,并通过地理探测器对长江流域能源综合效率影响因素进行研究.结果表明:(1)从时序变化看,长江流域...     

MATLAB仿真模拟系统结构在电子技术中的应用

MATLAB (Matrix laboratory)即“矩阵实验室”，是一种比较先进的科学计算语言。它集数值计算、符号运算及图形处理等高端的科技于一身。同时，编程效率特别高，扩充能力强，语句简单、易学易用，因此被誉为当下最优秀的数值计算软件，在电子技术中应用广泛。本文主要对MATLAB仿真模拟系统结构在电子技术中的应用做大概的介绍。     

慢服务员去留问题

本文研究了有快慢两个服务员的M／M／2／N／∞／FCFS（N〉2）排队系统,推导出了排队模型的稳态队长,并给出了计算队长的MATLAB程序,由此可以简单地判断出慢服务员是否应该被留下来。     

基于MATLAB的Black-Scholes-Merton欧式期权定价模型的计算研究

本文以Black-Scholes-Merton期权定价公式为研究对象,利用MATLAB的求导功能求得了Black-Scholes-Merton期权定价敏感性指标的计算公式.从MATLAB金融衍生产品工具箱中各个求解函数的M源文件的算法结构出发进行追源,发现了MATLAB金融衍生产品工具是基于Black-Scholes-Merton期权定价模型设计的,并指出了MATLAB金融衍生产品工具箱的默认计算对象是有红利支付的Black-Scho-les-Merton模型,而非红利为零的Black-Scholes模型.最后,在Notebook环境下调用金融衍生工具箱中相关命令编写了一个“Black-Scholes-Merton欧式期权定价模型及其敏感性指标通用计算模板”,成功实现了在Word中进行欧式期权价格及其敏感性指标的快捷计算.     

农地利用结构经济效率横向比较研究——基于C^2R、BC^2与超效率C^2R模型

研究目的：横向比较评价我国31个省（市、自治区）农地利用结构的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率,并按照超效率对各地区进行排序。研究方法：数据包络分析（DEA）的C2R模型、BC2模型与超效率C2R模型。研究结果：（1）总体来说,大多数地区农用地利用结构综合效率低下,主要原因是技术效率太低;（2）我国74.2%的地区农地利用处于规模报酬递减阶段,要提高生产效率,必须调整用地结构;（3）超效率值较高的地区主要是经济发达地区和传统农业大省。     

基于超效率DEA模型的区域低碳效率空间分异——以湖南省各市州为例

区域低碳效率是检验区域经济发展质量的重要指标之一。文章将超效率DEA模型引入到区域低碳效率测度当中,利用湖南14个市州的实际数据,就“十二五”期间湖南各市州低碳效率开展了具体测度,并利用Malmquist指数计算其效率变动值。研究认为湖南各市州低碳效率整体情况较好,但在规模效率、技术效率等方面也表现出一定的空间分异。因而,新阶段应继续从转方式、调结构及制度改革方面强化区域低碳发展。湖南的示例对于其他区域低碳效率测度也是具有示范性的。     

基于模糊神经网络的建筑工程造价预测模型

利用直觉模糊分析方法求得工程特征对建筑工程造价的影响程度系数,据此确定了5个对建筑工程造价影响较大的工程特征,并将之作为神经网络模型的输入向量,构建了基于模糊逻辑和神经网络方法的建筑工程造价预测模型。结合MATLAB工具箱对程序进行设计,并用已完工程数据对模型进行训练、修正以及实例验证,证明了该模型可以有效提高建筑工程造价预测的精确度,具有较强的实用价值。     

MATLAB软件在高职数学教学中的应用

MATLAB软件功能强大,简单易学,方便实用。它为高职数学教学改革提供了工具和载体,利用它作为实验平台,能够有效培养学生的数学建模能力,提高高职数学教学效率。     

基于DEA模型的修正—DEA交叉评价模型评价我国主要商业银行经营效率

文章采用了在商业银行效率研究方面常用的数据包络分析法(DEA)的修正模型——DEA交叉评价模型来分析我国商业银行的效率问题。运用DEA交叉评价模型对2005-2008年我国的四大国有商业银行和九家主要的股份制商业银行的经营效率值进行估算。估算过程使用的是MATLAB7.0软件,并在文中详细表示出具体程序。估算的结果表明,国有银行效率的平均水平低于股份制银行效率的平均水平,国有银行的效率水平与股份制商业银行的效率水平的差距在波动中有缩小的趋势。在以上分析的基础上,提出了几点提高我国银行业效率的建议。     

中国工业大气污染治理效率及产业差异

基于2006~2013年大气污染物治理投入、排放与除去数据,利用超效率DEA-Malmquist模型,首次计算了36个工业部门的大气污染治理效率。研究发现:工业大气污染治理效率较低,仅有1/3部门的大气污染治理存在DEA有效,DEA无效部门同时存在投入冗余与去除不足。各产业部门大气污染治理的效率变化和技术进步对总体治理效率的贡献差异明显,且后者贡献较弱。最后,针对工业污染治理效率特征和部门差异,提出了对策建议。     

A social economist’s search for justice: Comment

This paper analyzes social insurance programs in the United States to determine if they support the principles of social justice, with special emphasis on the principle of preferential treatment of the poor. The paper also examines the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs. The major conclusions are the following: (1) social insurance programs generally are consistent with the principles of social justice, but parts of certain programs clearly violate the norms of social justice; (2) social insurance programs are especially powerful in reducing the poverty rate and poverty gap for the elderly, but are generally ineffective in reducing the poverty rate for single-parent families with related children under age 18; (3) social insurance programs have only a minor impact in reducing the poverty rate among married-couple families with related children under age 18; and (4) although the Social Security payroll results in a small increase in the poverty rate, social insurance programs are especially effective in reducing income inequality.     

Social insurance and social justice—Another look at the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs

This paper analyzes social insurance programs in the United States to determine if they support the principles of social justice, with special emphasis on the principle of preferential treatment of the poor. The paper also examines the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs. The major conclusions are the following: (1) social insurance programs generally are consistent with the principles of social justice, but parts of certain programs clearly violate the norms of social justice; (2) social insurance programs are especially powerful in reducing the poverty rate and poverty gap for the elderly, but are generally ineffective in reducing the poverty rate for single-parent families with related children under age 18; (3) social insurance programs have only a minor impact in reducing the poverty rate among married-couple families with related children under age 18; and (4) although the Social Security payroll results in a small increase in the poverty rate, social insurance programs are especially effective in reducing income inequality.     

Evolution of the Masters in Economics

In this article, the authors update their previous study of terminal master's degree in economics programs to determine whether changes in the characteristics and students or the desired outcomes of master's programs have occurred during the decade between the two studies. The authors find that there are now fewer programs and on average, there has been a reduction in rigor in terms of degree requirements. They also find some evidence for increased diversity of faculty in these programs. The average number of students in programs remained about the same over the decade, but the average number of faculty serving these students decreased. While some differences are found, overall the authors conclude that master's in economics programs have not dramatically changed over the past 10 years.     

DISTANCE TO PROMOTION: EVIDENCE FROM MILITARY GRADUATE EDUCATION

Using a unique dataset of U.S. military officers enrolled in graduate programs at the Naval Postgraduate School, we find students enrolled in distance education programs are 19 percentage points less likely to graduate compared to students enrolled in comparable traditional resident programs. Interestingly, distance education students receive a larger proportion of As on their courses. But, they are also more likely to fail and withdraw from their courses compared to their resident counterparts. The negative effects of distance education are worse for students enrolled in more technical engineering programs compared to less technical business programs. Although distance students are more likely to separate from the military after completing their education compared to traditional students, there are no significant differences in job promotion within the military between the two groups. Our results highlight the challenges of designing effective distance education programs in technical fields. (JEL I20, I23)     

美国政府科技计划概述

美国联邦政府科技计划始于二战时期“曼哈顿”计划,并逐渐从单纯维护国家军事安全扩展到科技、经济领域,以期保持科技竞争优势和新兴产业掌控优势。在国家层面上,美国没有类似国家中长期科技发展规划纲要。联邦政府科技计划大多数是根据美国国会立法而制定,具有高度的权威性和法律的强制性。美国各科技计划的针对性、目的性很强,是为了解决特定领域的重点科技问题,指标清晰,规定详尽。政府科技计划项目产生的知识产权归项目单位所有,不论该单位营利或非营利,政府可以有条件无偿使用。     

美国政府科技计划概述

美国联邦政府科技计划始于二战时期“曼哈顿”计划,并逐渐从单纯维护国家军事安全扩展到科技、经济领域,以期保持科技竞争优势和新兴产业掌控优势。在国家层面上,美国没有类似国家中长期科技发展规划纲要。联邦政府科技计划大多数是根据美国会立法而制定,具有高度的权威性和法律的强制性。美国各科技计划的针对性、目的性很强,是为了解决特定领域的重点科技问题,指标清晰,规定详尽。政府科技计划项目产生的知识产权归项目单位所有,不论该单位营利或非营利,政府可以有条件无偿使用。     

The economic consequences of substituting carbon payments for crop subsidies in U.S. agriculture

There is a growing body of literature on the costs of sequestering carbon. However, no studies have examined the interplay between farm commodity programs and carbon sequestration programs. This study investigates two dimensions of the interaction between farm commodity programs and afforestation programs, using a price-endogenous sector model of agriculture in the United States. First, this study compares the fiscal and welfare costs of achieving specific carbon targets through afforestation, with and without current farm programs. Second, it examines the welfare, fiscal, and carbon consequences of replacing existing farm subsidies, wholly or in part, with payments for carbon. Two approaches, Hicksian and Marshallian, are investigated. In the first, the sector model is used to quantify the carbon consequences and fiscal costs associated with various combinations of farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that leave consumers and producers in the U.S. agricultural sector no worse off than under existing farm programs. The second approach focuses on the carbon and welfare consequences of various farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that hold total program fiscal costs constant at current levels. Althouth the methodology and data are applied to the United States, the issues addressed are common in a number of developed nations, particularly within the European Union (EU). Adapting existing sector models in these nations to perform similar analyses would provide policy makers with more precise information about the nature of the trade-offs involved with second-best policies for replacing farm commodity subsidies with tree planting subsidies.The research reported in this paper was partially funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under contract number 68W90077. It does not reflect the official position of that agency. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement.     

管窥二十一世纪的创新政策——美国科技与经济政策理事会《二十一世纪创新政策》述评

美国国家研究委员会科技与经济理事会于2006年举办了一场名为“二十一世纪创新政策”的国际研讨会,邀请来自加拿大、日本、德国、芬兰、中国台湾等国家和地区政府部门的科技计划管理官员和企业的技术专家,介绍和探讨了包括中国、美国、印度在内的部分目标经济体的典型科技／创新计划的制定、组织、管理、资助和评估情况,试图从计划的角度剖析这些目标经济体的创新政策,以供美国借鉴。文章对该研讨会的主要论点进行了介绍,并结合我国实际情况提出了启示和建议。     

IMF conditionality,export structure and economic complexity:The ineffectiveness of structural adjustment programs

The conditionality requirements of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have been a source of intense debate since the early 1980s. These conditions, which are attached to IMF lending programs, cover a variety of issues from fiscal and monetary reform to economic liberalization and institutional change. In this paper we empirically examined the effects of IMF programs and conditionality requirements on structural transformation through changes in the technology-and-skill intensity and overall economic complexity of exports. Our empirical methodology accounted for policy and conditionality heterogeneity across country and time and accounts for the endogeneity of IMF programs and conditions. The empirical results suggest that IMF programs and conditionality requirements along a spectrum of policy areas had no robust or significant effect on export structure, economic complexity or export diversification. Overall, we found no evidence of any positive effects of IMF programs or IMF conditionality requirements on the technology-and-skill intensity of exports.     

The political economy of state-level adoption of natural resource damage programs

U.S. states can implement programs to pursue damage recovery when firms cause natural resource damages (NRDs). We present new empirical evidence that such programs have effectively reduced oil spills in states that adopt them. However, only 34 states had implemented such programs by 2003. We analyze data on 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1980 to 2003 to ascertain the likely determinants of NRD program adoption. We find that states with many environmental accidents adopt programs more rapidly, while income and interest-group pressure have no significant impact on the process. While non-adopting states might benefit from such programs, at least NRD programs are being adopted most rapidly where they can do the most good.