The Witches' Brew

Satellite broadcasting has been front-page news in the UK recently; thus this article is timely. Regrettably, the British Government's proposals could not be included; however, the main purpose here is to look at satellite broadcasting from the viewpoint of possible pan-European controls. As such, if this article puts the new British proposals into the context of a European framework it will have served its purpose well. To set the scene an attempt is made to outline the issues and problems which must be considered, and a summary of the main proposals for launching and operating satellites is given. The main thesis considers the powers and possible activities of the European institutions—the European Community and Council of Europe—with regard to controls of advertising on satellite broadcasting in Europe.     

Resisting media marginalisation: Black women’s digital content and collectivity

ABSTRACT

Based on analysis of 23 interviews, this paper examines how social media and online content is implicated in the collective, resistant and transnational media experiences of Black women in Britain. It contributes to scholarship concerning race and the virtual marketplace by examining tensions between the countercultural, communal and commercial qualities of Black women’s online experiences. Drawing upon theorising of the oppositional spectator gaze of Black women, and narratives of technology consumption, we unpack how Black women’s digital activity can enable them to navigate the hegemony of US content, their marginalisation in British mass-media, and situate them within a Black experience that transcends Britain’s borders. Our work illustrates how Black women’s online encounters can be a source of resistance, Black digital commentary and community, as well as being subject to corporate co-optation. We conceptualise such online experiences as being shaped by transnational dimensions of the relationship between race, media and markets.     

Televised Consumption: Women,Advertisers and the Early Daytime Television Industry

This article looks at ways in which the US broadcasting and advertising industries conceptualized the female consumer in the immediate Post War period. It explores the emergence of daytime television and discusses broadcasters' views of their predominantly female audience. The article argues that by grasping the underlying principles that were developed in the early daytime television industry, one can gain a better understanding, not only of the manner in which female audience members were addressed in the 1950s, but also, to some extent, of the ways mass media address women today.     

浅谈县级文化广播电视事业的发展及改革——以湖北省洪湖市广电为例

县级广播电视事业是我国广电传媒产业的重要组成部分,在广播电视公共服务中起着非常大的作用。但近年来,由于种种因素的影响,我国县级广播电视台在发展中存在着诸多问题,严重制约我国广电事业的进一步提升。为厘清目前我国县级广电事业的真实状况及未来改革路径,以湖北省洪湖市广播电视台为研究案例,通过深入剖析该地区广电事业的现状、特色及存在的问题,对我国县级广播电视事业的发展作出自己的思考,希望从中探索出一条适合其发展的有一定针对性的改革路径。     

游戏直播平台管理层面多维分析及对策研究

游戏直播自2014年以来迅速奠定其在网络直播领域的重要地位,带着资本青睐快速成长步入成熟期。但从2018年开始伴随着行业人口红利消退,资本市场开始降温,多家游戏直播平台相继关停。究其原因为游戏直播行业仍为新兴产业,平台管理还处于探索期,尚未形成完善的平台管理机制。研究从战略管理、主播管理、内容管理及用户管理四方面解剖游戏直播平台管理现状及问题,依此提出科学有效的管理对策,以期引导游戏直播平台健全平台管理机制,助力游戏直播平台健康发展。     

Die Finanzierung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks

Germany is characterised by a dualism between public and private broadcasting. Public broadcasting services, encompassing radio and television, are mainly financed by license fees. As a result of the revised Broadcasting Law, the former broadcasting fees were replaced on 1 January 2013 by a monthly broadcasting contribution paid by every household and company regardless of whether or when they use public broadcasting services. The new system resulted in higher fees for many people and a controversial public dispute. The author of this paper highlights some options to improve the current financing system.     

Clifford J. Doerksen. American Babel: Rogue Radio Broadcasters of the Jazz Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. xi + 157 pp. ISBN 0-8122-3871-0, $34.95 (cloth).

In American Babel: Rogue Broadcasters of the Jazz Age, CliffordDoerksen presents a lively discussion of the economic implicationsof cultural hierarchy on radio broadcasting. In this slim volume,only 176 pages (including footnotes), he tells the stories ofseveral radio pioneers who have been largely ignored in theretellings of the medium’s history. The difficulties inexploring the world of independent broadcasters long has beena lament of radio scholars, and Doerksen’s book represents     

Live Broadcasting,Gate Revenue,and Football Club Performance: Some Evidence

This paper presents new evidence concerning the main argument of the English Premier League for collective arrangements in selling television broadcast rights. Matches that are broadcast live on television can be considered as a substitute for watching at the stadium. New panel-data show that broadcasting live has a small negative effect on gate revenue for the best performing clubs and a much larger effect for the worst performing clubs. However, the marginal cost is outweighed by the marginal revenue, concluding that restrictions on quantity stemming from collective arrangements are detrimental to the consumers, broadcasters, and clubs themselves.     

Convenience and choice for consumers: the domestic acceptability of canned food between the 1870s and 1930s

Canned food once represented an astonishingly innovative technology although it is now largely ignored in food discourse. As with so much in our lives, familiarity renders an object invisible. To explore the changing social significance of canned food, as the format developed from scientific curiosity to domestic ubiquity, this paper examines reports in The Scotsman newspaper from the late 1870s to the 1930s. Although canned foods were slow to break into the mass market they were little short of revolutionary in the way they brought new tastes from across the world to ordinary British households. A few cans in the larder provided simple storage and reassurance that the unexpected visitor could be fed – perhaps with something a little out of the ordinary. Against this background of quiet assimilation into our food culture, canned food has been controversial and provided an unwitting rehearsal for contemporary food narratives. In these old newspapers, it was somewhat surprising to find reports of disquiet that are recognizable in our own times – the convenience of canned food posed a threat to culinary skills; questions were raised about the nutritional value and safety of processed food; we had become excessively reliant on imported food and disregarded our own produce.     

Media and the American Mind: From Morse to Mcluhan. Czitrom,Daniel J. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 254 pp. $19.95 cloth; $7.95 paperback

Abstract

In this article, the authors expand upon their previously published findings (9) on the use of Spanish-language broadcasting. Discriminant analysis was used to produce a profile of Mexican-Americans who prefer Spanish-language television over English-language television. A comparison of this profile with that previously derived for Spanish-language radio listeners indicates that while there is some overlap between these audiences, they are far from identical. The implications of these results should be considered by those anticipating implementing an ethnic segmentation strategy utilizing Spanish-language radio or television.     

Alcohol Advertising Controls in the 1990s

Public health campaigners have criticized the British system for the regulation of alcohol advertising, which relies on several distinct codes of practice governing different media. This paper looks at the options for change, in the light of the economic, political and technological factors that will influence the development of the UK's alcohol advertising policy in the 1990s. The available evidence on the costs and benefits of alternative policies is reviewed, drawing on the Addiction Research Centre's multi-disciplinary programme of work undertaken at the Universities of Hull and York. While there is some evidence that a ban on alcohol advertising would have a marginal effect on overall consumption, it is argued that legislative intervention is no longer feasible. Technological innovation and global pressures for deregulation have made it difficult for national governments to ban the advertising of any one product. At the same time, however, it is feared that commercial pressures resulting from the introduction of satellite broadcasting and the increased competition for advertising revenues could undermine the existing self-regulatory system and exert a downwards pressure on advertising standards. It is suggested that the way forward lies in developing a strong self-regulatory system throughout Europe.     

Sex and Shock Jocks: An Analysis of the Howard Stern and Bob & Tom Shows

SUMMARY

Studies of mass media show that sexual content has increased during the past three decades and is now commonplace. Research studies have examined the sexual content of many media, but not talk radio. A subcategory of talk radio, called “shock jock” radio, has been repeatedly accused of being indecent and sexually explicit. This study fills in this gap in the literature by presenting a short history and an exploratory content analysis of shock jock radio. The content analysis compares the sexual discussions of two radio talk shows: Infinity's Howard Stern Show and Clear Channel's Bob & Tom Show.     

Broadcasting Operation Iraqi Freedom: The People Behind Cable News Ethics, Decisions, and Gender Differences

In March 2003, President Bush declared the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the anticipated commencement of intensive American-led military operations in Iraq. With this declaration, the media began intense coverage of military operations from the field. For the first time, viewers were able to see images of actual events. This was due to three developments: the advancement of technology allowing immediate transmission of text and images, the actual presence of journalists identified as “embedded journalists” at military sites, and the fierce competition among networks for viewers. One result of this constant coverage was significant pressure on decision makers within the television and cable news networks to decide within a matter of seconds which images to air. In particular, producers and broadcasters of competing networks experienced this pressure. Though the radio and broadcasting industry has a published code of standards, it is “general and advisory rather than specific and restrictive.” Therefore, it did not address the unique time sensitive decision-making required within this new environment. Issues such as the security of soldiers, confidentiality of troop maneuvers, and the safety of the embedded journalists were critically important. Equally serious were the concerns about the impact of the immediate airing of information and violent images to the public. This research used Patrick Primeaux’s ‹mind–heart–soul’ model of decision-making as its theoretical framework. The study investigated the gender and industry experience of selected professionals in a cable news network, MSNBC, to explore how ethical codes of behavior are integrated when people make decisions. Decision-making in both their professional and personal lives was examined. It is from this perspective that their professional decisions to air/not to air material from Operation Iraqi Freedom were studied. The findings on decisions about airing/not airing material from Operation Iraqi Freedom yielded both expected and unexpected results. There was no clear gender difference regarding ethical decision-making, but there was a difference when analyzed by industry experience. When the study focused on questions regarding the respondents’ personal lives, the original hypothesis that there was a gender difference was validated.     

Vogue in Britain: Authenticity and the creation of competitive advantage in the UK magazine industry

By 1914 the leading British magazine publishers had successfully launched a range of popular weekly titles for female readers which focused on everyday women's fashions. In contrast, the British operations of American publishers Hearst and Condé Nast sought to develop high-quality magazines designed to attract affluent consumers – and the advertisers who sought to reach these readers. This paper argues that the success of Condé Nast's Vogue depended on two main factors: gaining authenticity in the world of high fashion and forming close relations with their customers – both readers and advertisers – using market research and promotion techniques transferred from the United States.     

“开放”与“解放”?--基于中国出口增长与女性婚育表现的实证考察

对外开放与出口高速增长,在推动中国经济转型与发展的同时,也深刻影响着中国的社会.结构,重塑着中国社会发展的样貌和轨迹。本文利用地区间产业结构的差异,刻画出中国出口增长对不同地区劳动市场需求的差异性影响,进而实证考察了出口增长通过国内劳动市场对女性结婚和生育表现的影响。研究.发现,中国出口增长显著提高了20~39岁适婚女性群体的单身比例,降低了这一女性群体中选择生育的比例;并且,出口增长对女性推迟结婚和生育的影响,与对女性就业的影响密切相关。本文从社会性别角色和人口转型的视角,为中国对外开放和出口增长的深层社会影响提供了一个新的考察,也在经.济开放的情境下检验了经典婚姻家庭经济学的理论逻辑。     

Courting Women Using Sports Marketing: A Content Analysis of the US Open

As surprising as it may sound, sales to the female sports market are almost equal to sales to the male sports market. Also, an increasing percentage of viewers of various broadcast sports events consist of females, even in male-dominant sports like football and baseball. Couple these with the increasing role that females play in purchasing decisions for a variety of products, and sports marketing emerges as an effective vehicle to reach this lucrative market. To investigate the extent to which marketers are taking advantage of this promotion strategy, a two-step project was conducted. First, gender differences with regard to advertising were delineated based on an extensive literature review. Second, a content analysis of commercials shown during the men's and women's tennis final in the 1990 US Open was performed. The results of the content analysis were contrasted with the expected findings indicated by the literature review. Only one product was found to be specifically targeted to women. Moreover, very few differences were found between the advertising strategy in both finals. The results indicate that to a large extent, marketers are not taking advantage of sports marketing targeted to women, and continue to use sports marketing to target the traditional male sports fan.     

Ventures' conscious knowledge transfer to close partners,and beyond: A framework of performance,complementarity, knowledge disclosure,and knowledge broadcasting

We build a new theoretical framework that conceptually differentiates ventures' knowledge disclosure to their corporate venture capitalist (CVC) from knowledge broadcasting beyond the venture-CVC dyad and links them to venture-CVC complementarity. We test their direct, indirect, and interactive effects on venture performance. Our moderated mediation model (i) establishes knowledge disclosure as a mechanism that connects complementarity with venture performance, and (ii) predicts knowledge broadcasting beyond this dyad as a boundary condition to this indirect effect. We use 944 observations of 349 ventures along with Twitter data to test our model. Disclosure and broadcasting have a positive direct effect on performance, complementarity has an indirect effect on performance through disclosure, and this indirect link diminishes with broadcasting. Our findings point to a conflict in ventures' broadcasting strategies.     

Interactivity's Unanticipated Consequences for Marketers and Marketing

The digital interactive transformation in marketing is not unfolding, as some thought it would, on the model of direct marketing. That model anticipated that marketing, empowered by digital media using rich profiling data, would intrude ever more deeply and more precisely into consumer lives than broadcast media had been able to. Instead the transformation is unfolding on a model of consumer empowerment, in which consumers use digital media to communicate with one another and deal with marketing's intrusions, showing none of the passivity displayed by mass media audiences. This paper categorizes five roles for the interactive consumer and draws implications for marketing practice. It concludes that the balance of power over marketplace meaning-making is shifting from marketer to consumer to the extent that media usage migrates from broadcasting to interactivity. The new marketplace rewards more participatory, more sincere, and less directive marketing styles than the old.     

The effect of cookery method on beef palatability and cooking properties

A total of 432 boneless beef loin steaks were prepared using three different cookery methods (conventional electric oven, electric convection oven and microwave oven) and evaluated for palatability by an experienced six-member laboratory taste panel. Cooking losses and times were also recorded. Composite results indicate that microwave cookery can not be utilized to shorten cooking times without compromising the eating quality, but that preparation time can be substantially reduced (66%) without compromising eating quality by using convection rather than conventional cookery methods, under the conditions in which this study was conducted.