Asymmetric cointegration with threshold adjustment model of exchange rates and the trade balance in Turkey

This paper aims to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between the trade balance and exchange rates in Turkey using the asymmetric error correction model with threshold cointegration. The results provide new evidence for the asymmetric long-run relationship between the trade balance and exchange rates. Besides, deviations from the long-run equilibrium due to a relative increase in real exchange rates have a lower speed of adjustment in comparison to the deviations caused by a relative decrease in real exchange rates.     

美中贸易逆差的根源与实证分析

后金融危机时代,美中贸易逆差成为人们关注的焦点。美中贸易逆差根源在于美国自身的经济结构问题,是国际产业分工深化和美国自身产业结构调整的结果,并非汇率问题,即人民币升值不能解决美中贸易逆差问题。文章通过实证分析得出,(1)美国贸易逆差与美国制造业对外直接投资存在正向的长期均衡关系,两者存在格兰杰因果关系,说明美国货物贸易逆差的扩大与制造业对外直接投资有关。(2)美国对华贸易逆差与美国对华直接投资存在正向的长期均衡关系,两者同时存在格兰杰因果关系,即美中贸易逆差随着美国对华直接投资的增加而不断扩大。     

Financial Development,International Trade,and Economic Growth in Australia: New Evidence From Multivariate Framework Analysis

This study investigates the relationship between financial development, international trade and economic growth for Australia over the period of 1965 to 2010. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration is applied to examine the long-run relationship among the series, whereas stationarity properties of the variables are tested by applying two structural break tests. Results confirm the long-run relationship among the variables. Financial development, international trade, and capital appear as the drivers of economic growth in short and long runs. The feedback effect exists between international trade and economic growth. Financial development Granger causes economic growth validating supply-side hypothesis.     

The exchange regime and trade balance in Turkey

Over the last 15 years, high trade deficits have become a source of external vulnerability for the relatively stabilized Turkish economy. This corresponds to the period where authorities have been following a floating exchange rate regime. Thus, this study aims to empirically show whether the adopted exchange rate regime has an impact on the trade balance for the period of 1987 Q1 to 2015 Q2. Estimation results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between the real effective exchange rate and trade balance under both fixed and floating regimes in Turkey, but there is no evidence for the J-curve hypothesis.     

外商直接投资与对外贸易相互关系的实证研究

中国2001年加入世界贸易组织以后,外商直接投资和对外贸易都获得了快速的发展,对促进中国经济的飞速发展起到了巨大的推动作用。本文主要探讨2001-2010年外商直接投资与对外贸易的关系,发现进出口贸易额和外商直接投资不存在长期的稳定关系,但是中国的出口贸易额和外商直接投资存在双向的格兰杰因果关系,并且这种双向关系是互补的,进口贸易额和外商直接投资可能存在一定正向关系,但是这种关系是不显著的。     

进出口贸易增长与人民币汇率之间的长期均衡与动态波动分析

本文运用协整关系分析、格兰杰因果检验和误差修正模型,对进出口贸易与我国汇率之间关系进行的实证分析表明:进出口增长与汇率波动之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,出口贸易与汇率在很大程度上是互为因果的关系—出口和汇率的增长都会引起对方的下降,而且汇率的影响大于出口。从短期来看,汇率的提升会促进出口的增长。近期,汇率的升值显著促进了进口增长,但并没削弱出口,而短期波动的影响不显著。我国出口贸易的增长是由许多非汇率因素促成的,因此仅靠调整汇率解决贸易失衡问题,所起到的作用是有限的。     

AGGREGATE SUPPLY,DOMESTIC ABSORPTION,AND TERMS OF TRADE: A STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF THE U.S. TRADE BALANCE

Using an intertemporal model as a reference, this article decomposes U.S. trade balance movements into parts driven by supply shocks, demand shocks, and relative price shocks. In identifying structural shocks, we propose a new type of long-run restriction that extends the previous structural Vector Autoregression (VAR) literature, and demonstrate its relationship to other identifying schemes. Empirical results indicate that relative price shocks and demand shocks are important in the short run while demand and supply shocks dominate in the long run in explaining the U.S. trade balance.     

Current account and relative prices: Are there any cointegration relationships in the presence of structural breaks in emerging economies?

The aim of this study is to examine the long-run relationship between the current account and relative prices, such as terms of trade (TOT) and real exchange rate, for the emerging economies. These variables have been exposed to large fluctuations for more than two decades in all emerging economies; therefore, structural breaks have to be taken into account in all estimations. In this article, various methodological techniques have been used to examine this long-run relationship (with and without the structural breaks). Two important results have emerged, first; when the structural changes are excluded there is a strong evidence for long-run relationship between current account and relative prices. Second; when the structural breaks are included, variables are found to be stationary. Hence, depending on the stability of the variables, the validity of the cointegration relationship has been seriously questioned. This study illustrates that the test results proving non-stationary of the series and the presence of cointegration may be spurious if there is any possibility of instability.     

Crude oil prices and the balance of trade: Asymmetric evidence from selected OPEC member countries

The contribution of this article is to assess whether the effects of crude oil price fluctuations on the trade balance are symmetric or asymmetric in the context of an individual oil-exporting country, specifically four OPEC member countries – Iran, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. To examine this subject thoroughly, we use three different measures of trade balances such as oil trade balance, non-oil trade balance, and total trade balance, and examine whether oil prices are asymmetrically passed on to the trade balances for those OPEC countries in the long- and short-run. After implementation of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, we find that changes in oil prices indeed have asymmetric effects on the oil trade balance for all four OPEC countries in the long-run, though not in the short-run. In the case of the non-oil and total trade balance, however, the asymmetry of oil price changes is not detected in both the long- and short-run.     

Real Exchange Rate Volatility on the Short- and Long-Run Trade Dynamics in Colombia

The short- and long-run implications of real exchange rate volatility on Colombian bilateral trade commodities and non-commodities with its major trade partners are analyzed from the perspectives of the Marshall-Lerner condition, a cointegration relation with other aggregate variables, and the J-curve hypothesis. Long-run equilibrium on the Colombian bilateral balance of trade with a country is more common when the trade volume is denominated in terms of one of the world's main currencies—as is the case of commodity trade and trade with a country whose national currency is one of these currencies. No evidence of the J-curve was found in any of the analyzed Colombian bilateral balances of trade. Opposite to the predictions of the J-curve hypothesis, more common are the scenarios of short-run improvements in the bilateral trade balances following a devaluation than are those with instantaneous declines. Improvements in the terms of trade are found to have a long-run deteriorating impact on the Colombian balance of trade, especially in the case of non-commodity trade. Policy makers should consider that continuous improvements in the Colombian terms of trade, as the ones recently observed, will ultimately be a detriment to the country's current balance of trade surplus.     

A REASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATE IMPORT DEMAND FUNCTION IN THE ASEAN-5: A Cointegration Analysis

This study aims to reinvestigate the empirical evidence on the long-run relationship of aggregate import demand behavior for the ASEAN-5 founding nations. This study adopts the import demand equation that has been developed by Xu (2002). The results of bounds test (Pesaran et al., 2001) show the volume of imports, activity variable (national cash flow), and relative price of imports are cointegrated in Malaysia and Singapore. However, no empirical evidence supports that these variables are cointegrated in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. This study provides a relevant implication specifically that devaluation strengthens the balance of trade. Following the Marshall-Lerner condition, exchange rate policies such as devaluation, can used to improve trade balance in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand, but not in Indonesia.     

Exchange rate expectations and monetary policy

The adjustment process to a monetary disturbance is studied in a model of perfect capital mobility and flexible exchange rates. Exchange rate expectations are emphasized and used to establish an adjustment process. In the short run, a monetary expansion gives rise to a depreciation in the exchange rate and a reduction in saving due to the terms of trade deterioration. The exchange rate depreciation, in the short run, may be in excess of the long-run depreciation. The trade balance in the short run may worsen. The long-run equilibrium of the analysis conforms to the Mundell-Fleming results that establish the force of monetary policy under flexible rates.     

The saving rate and the upgrade of the trade commodity structure in developing countries: A dynamic H–O model under an oligopolistic market structure

This paper constructs an oligopolistic dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) model of a small open economy to analyze the relationship between the saving rate and the upgrade of the trade commodity structure. The analysis shows that the saving rate determines the trade commodity structure of a country in the long-run equilibrium. Furthermore, a developing country with a low capital–labor ratio in the initial state will change from exporting labor-intensive goods in the initial state to exporting capital-intensive goods in the long-run equilibrium if it has a higher saving rate, and this upgrade of trade commodity structure has a social welfare effect under an oligopolistic market structure. The effect of trade policy on the upgrade of the trade commodity structure is uncertain in our model; therefore, a high saving rate is the irreplaceable driving force for trade commodity structure upgrades in developing countries.     

Asymmetric response of the US–India trade balance to exchange rate changes: Evidence from 68 industries

The relationship between the trade balance and the exchange rate continues to attract attention by international economists and has entered into new territory, mostly due to advances in econometric methods. The introduction of asymmetric error‐correction modelling and asymmetric cointegration using the nonlinear ARDL approach of Shin et al. (Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric methods and applications, Springer, 2014, 281) as compared to the symmetric and linear ARDL approach of Pesaran et al. (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2001, 16, 289) has led us in a new direction to discover relatively better results. We apply these methods to the bilateral trade balance model of each of the 68 industries that trade between India and the USA. The nonlinear approach not only provides more support to the J‐curve effect, but also yields support in favour of short‐run and long‐run asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes in most of the industries.     

Income Inequalities and International Trade in Goods and Services: Short- and Long-Run Evidence

In this article, we study the short- and long-run effects of trade openness in services on wage inequalities. The sample covers ten Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1980 to 2005. We find a differentiated impact of trade in goods compared to trade in services: while trade in goods has a short- and a long-run impact on inequalities, trade in services has only long-run effects. Moreover, we also find that international trade in services has a stronger impact on inequalities than international trade in goods, and this effect does not concern only inequalities between top incomes and low incomes but also between top incomes and median incomes.     

贸易自由化与中国经济增长关系的实证分析

本文以衡量贸易自由化的各种指标为出发点,选取贸易依存度作为研究指标,借助于协整检验、格兰杰因果检验等计量方法分析1990年以来我国外贸开放度与经济增长之间的关系,发现贸易依存度、出口依存度、进口依存度与经济增长存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,各变量之间有着单向因果关系,且出口、进口都对经济增长起着促进作用,故而,我国应二者并重,积极参与贸易自由化的进程。     

The Real Exchange Rate,the Ghanaian Trade Balance,and the J-curve

Using linear and nonlinear specifications, we studied the effects of real exchange rate changes on the trade balance of Ghana during the period 1986Q1 to 2016Q3. We found no evidence in support of the short- and long-run impact of exchange rate changes on the trade balance in the linear specification. The J-curve is refuted in this case. In contrast, exchange rate changes affected the trade balance in the nonlinear specification. Depreciations improve the trade balance in the long run, but appreciations have no impact. Hence, exchange rate changes have nonlinear effects on the trade balance. This is consistent with the J-curve phenomenon.     

我国物流业与国内外贸易动态关联性研究——基于VAR模型和VEC模型的经验实证

本文通过构建非约束性向量自回归模型和包含协整约束条件的向量自回归模型以及脉冲响应函数,研究我国物流业和我国国内外贸易之间的关联性。经验实证研究表明,我国物流业、对外贸易和国内贸易三者之间存在且仅存在唯一协整关系,物流业的发展对国内贸易和对外贸易的促进作用是长期且持续稳定的,三者之间存在明显的联动机制,与对外贸易相比,国内贸易对物流业发展的推动作用要显著得多,二者之间的联动效应更为突出。     

我国内贸与外贸的动态影响研究——基于VAR模型的实证

文章使用我国加入WTO以来的最新月度数据,通过协整检验、误差修正模型、Granger因果关系检验等方法,对我国社会消费品零售总额、出口总额和进口总额之间关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,三者之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系;短期内外贸带动内贸发展的效果并不明显;内贸对外贸的促进作用仅表现为内贸对出口的长期影响。为此,我国应该采取相关对策,进一步加快内外贸一体化的进程。     

我国金融发展与国际贸易的关系——基于1991-2005年数据的实证研究

随着经济一体化的发展,金融与国际贸易的融合及互动关系日益凸显,成为国际经济及区域经济发展中的重要现象。本文运用协整和格兰杰因果检验方法,研究了我国金融发展和国际贸易的关系,结论表明:二者存在长期稳定的均衡关系,金融发展对我国国际贸易的发展发挥了显著的促进作用,但国际贸易没有显著地促进金融发展。