Entrepreneurial intervention in electronic markets: the influence of customer participation

In electronic markets, web 2.0 is emerging in a disruptive way. In this work we conceptualize web 2.0, identifying all its functionalities and firm applications. We describe technological and social changes that should brought in the firm to take benefit of the advantages of the web 2.0, as well as its relationship with knowledge management. We explain how knowledge transfer in the firm can create value through web 2.0 applications. Finally we develop a model who relates the web 2.0 and its potential to create value in the firm, adapting Amit and Zott (Strategic Management Journal 22: 493–520, 2001)’s dimensions to the web 2.0 particular case.     

N-kernel: A review

The package performs estimation and prediction in the context of time-series or cross-section nonparametric models. It is menu-driven and very easy to operate. The manual reads well. This version has some limitations, which can easily be corrected. Nevertheless it provides a useful pedagogical and research tool, even for people not familiar with nonparametric analysis.     

解读过程能力指数4个基本特性

文章对已发表的过程能力指数4个基本特性的来龙去脉作了详尽的解读,纠正了在过程能力指数理论方面存在的诸多错误认识和观点,对于读者在过程能力指数理论基础上进一步研究探讨多变量过程能力指数具有重要的参考价值。     

广义Breitung非参数单位根检验研究——基于平稳假设下序列长期方差一致估计的分析

Breitung检验中生成序列的误差项的自相关会影响有限样本性质。本文用平稳假设下序列长期方差的一致估计量作为统计量的分母对其进行了修正。给出了修正后的统计量及其渐近理论,并对修正前后的有限样本性质进行了仿真。结果显示,修正后统计量概率密度的左偏有所减少;当误差项有自相关时,修正后检验的水平扭曲有所改进;当样本较小时,随误差项自回归(移动平均)系数或序列自回归系数的增加,修正后检验的势逐渐大于Breitung检验的势。     

Rules versus discretion - A disinflation case

This paper compares a strict inflation target regime to a conservative central bank regime to determine the monetary regime appropriate for a disinflation process. The analysis shows that in a two-period model, in which policymakers face given first-period inflationary expectations, a strict inflation target could be preferred to the appointment of a conservative central banker who has discretion. The result differs from that of Rogoff (1985), who assumed rational expectations and concluded that a conservative central banker is always preferable. The disadvantage of the conservative central banker derives from his tendency to accelerate disinflation relative to rate that maximizes social welfare.JEL Classification: E52, E58The authors are grateful to Alex Cukierman, Nissan Liviatan, Allan Drazen, Amit Friedman and Yoav Friedmann for their useful suggestions. We also thank the anonymous referees for helpful comments. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Tel Aviv University macroeconomic workshop, at the Research Department seminar, Bank of Israel, and at the Bank of Israels conference on Macroeconomic Policy, October 2002.     

A Central Limit Theorem for M-estimators by the von Mises Method

Asymptotic normality of M- or maximum likelihood type estimators was established in a classic paper by Huber (1967). Reeds (1976) argued that this could have been obtained simply as an application of the delta-method, using the tool of compactly differentiating von Mises functionals with respect to the empirical distribution function F_n. His proof however contains some errors and has been largely ignored. A corrected version of the proof is given.     

利用测井数据研究泥质含量和孔隙度之间关系

孔隙度、泥质含量及确定地层水饱和度值的储层评价参数对研究储层特征和评价油气储量的勘探阶段是非常重要。文章是基于斯伦贝谢的方法利用定性和定量方法来实现。孔隙度是从密度曲线及经过泥质含量校正和油气层流体含量得来的。含水饱和度基于实际电阻率,泥质含量和校正后的孔隙度的值来进行计算的。油气资料来源于10个储层厚度从3-40米的孔隙层段。在8号层中最高的油气饱和度是71%,含水饱和度是29%,地层温度是73.05℃,泥质含量是19%,孔隙度是25.4%。泥质含量和孔隙度的关系显示出随着泥质含量的增加孔隙度随之减小。含水饱和度是随着电阻率曲线的值变化明显,电阻率曲线的升高含水饱和度降低。     

Hedonic price and depreciation indexes for residential housing: A comment

A regression technique for developing residential real estate price indexes using repeat sales on properties has not allowed the separation of depreciation from true price changes. In a recent article Chinloy [2] has proposed a method for achieving this separation. This note shows that his theoretical derivation is incorrect. A corrected model is then used to show the stringent assumptions that are necessary to interpret his empirical results as measuring embodied technological change. The true price effects and the depreciation effects still cannot be separated in such a model.     

Unit roots in the presence of abrupt governmental interventions with an application to Brazilian data

This paper considers econometric issues related to time-series data that have been subject to abrupt governmental interventions. The motivating example for this study is the Brazilian monthly inflation rate (1974:1–1993:6) which we use throughout for illustration. This series has been heavily influenced by the effect of so-called shock plans implemented by various governments starting in the mid-1980s. The plans act as ‘inliers’ in the sense that the series is temporarily brought down to low levels before returning to its previous trend path. We analyse the effects on standard unit root tests and measures of persistence caused by the presence of these ‘inliers’. We show a substantial bias in favour of concluding that the series is stationary and that shocks have temporary effects. We then construct appropriately corrected statistics which take into account the presence of the plans. These show, unlike the standard tests, that the stochastic behaviour of the inflation rate was indeed unstable over this period. Simulation results are presented to support the adequacy of our corrected statistics. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation in Shewhart control charts: effects and corrections

The influence of the estimation of parameters in Shewhart control charts is investigated. It is shown by simulation and asymptotics that (very) large sample sizes are needed to accurately determine control charts if estimators are plugged in. Correction terms are developed to get accurate control limits for common sample sizes in the in-control situation. Simulation and theory show that the new corrections work very well. The performance of the corrected control charts in the out-of-control situation is studied as well. It turns out that the correction terms do not disturb the behavior of the control charts in the out-of-control situation. On the contrary, for moderate sample sizes the corrected control charts remain powerful and therefore, the recommendation to take at least 300 observations can be reduced to 40 observations when corrected control charts are applied.Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank Sri Nurdiati for doing the Monte Carlo studies.     

Separability and separability flexibility of the CRESH function

The CRESH functional form has many desirable properties. It is globally regular for a wide range of parameter values, it includes the CES as a special case, and it has stable patterns of relative substitutability. However, while the CRESH form is defined to be implicitly additively separable, theordinary separability structure of the CRESH form has never been investigated. In this article, that deficiency is corrected by describing the separability structure of CRESH functions. In particular, it is shown that the CRESH form is separability flexible in the important three input case. This and its other properties may make the CRESH function the form of choice among existing three input production functions.The editor for this paper was Michael Denny.     

Libros

Resenas criticas: David, Natacha. De Asia a Brasil pasando por Rusia… Impacto de la crisis financiera y económica sobre las mujeres Resenas criticas: Gual, Jordi (director). Job creation: The role of labor market institutions Resenas criticas: Joshi, Heather, y Paci, Pierella, con Gerald Makepiece y Jane Waldfogel. Unequal pay for women and men Resenas criticas: Kornai, János. Struggle and hope: Essays on stabilization and reform in post-socialist economy Resenas criticas: Vaughan-Whitehead, Daniel. Albania in crisis: The predictable fall of the shining star Libros recientes: Bhaduri, Amit, y Skarstein, Rune (directores). Economic development and agricultural productivity Libros recientes: Boserup, Ester. My professional life and publications 1929–1998. Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum Press (Universidad de Copenhague), 1999 Libros recientes: Browne, Irene (directora). Latinas and African American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality. Nueva York, Russel Sage Foundation, 1999 Libros recientes: Custers, Peter. Capital accumulation and women's labour in Asian economies. Londres, Zed Books, 1997 Libros recientes: Papola, T. S., y Sharma, Alakh N. (directores). Gender and employment in India Libros recientes: Confederación Mundial del Trabajo (CMT). Género y sector informal Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Libros recientes: Gender and jobs: Sex segregation of occupations in the world. Por Richard Anker Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Negotiating flexibility: The role of the social partners and the State. Dirigido por Muneto Ozaki     

A correction to Whitney and Boots: An examination of residential mobility through the use of the log-linear model: Part II

A major, potentially compromising, computational error in the title paper is corrected and analyzed. In addition, an hypothesis as to its origin is offered.     

The part-period balancing algorithm and its look ahead-look back feature: A theoretical and experimental analysis of a single stage lot-sizing procedure

This paper investigates the discrete Part-Period Balancing (PPB) lot-sizing algorithm and its optional feature, the Look Ahead-Look Back tests. PPB is the most commonly used dynamic lot-sizing procedure in practice and it has also been tested extensively in simulation experiments. Although its overall cost performance, relative to other heuristics, have been fairly good, a fundamental flaw with the model has been noted in the literature. This deficiency leads to poor performance under certain conditions.In this paper a simple adjustment to the main algorithm is analytically derived under the assumptions of a constant demand rate and an infinite planning horizon. The adjustment leads to an optimal behavior for the PPB heuristic under the stated conditions. Subsequent experimental analysis through simulation of lot-sizing performance in environments with time-varying, discrete demand shows that the proposed adjustment leads to significant cost reductions.This paper also analyzes the Look Ahead-Look Back tests which is the distinguishing feature between the PPB procedure and the Least Total Cost algorithm. The tests were devised to improve the cost performance of the PPB heuristic by marginally adjusting each tentative lot-size. The effect of the Look Ahead-Look Back tests have, however, never been verified in the literature. The tests have undergone some changes over time, when they have been included in commercial software packages for inventory management. We suggest yet another modified version in this paper.In the last portion of the paper, the cost effectiveness of the Look Ahead-Look Back tests is confirmed through simulation. That is, when used together with the original PPB procedure, they lead to an improved cost performance. It is also shown that a combination of these tests and the adjustment to the PPB procedure mentioned earlier leads to an even lower average total cost. All cost improvements are statistically significant. It is finally noted that the Look Ahead-Look Back tests perform poorly in certain constant demand situations. Additional analytic and experimental analysis shows that these results stem from a dominance of the Look Back test over the Look Ahead test, leading to the former test being performed more often. This can easily be corrected, however, by checking for sufficient variability in the data before the Look Back test is employed.     

The elasticity of derived demand, factor substitution, and product demand: Corrections to Hicks' formula and Marshall's Four Rules

The concept of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor, introduced by John Hicks and Joan Robinson over 75 years ago, has had important implications in labor economics and several areas of economic inquiry. In his The Theory of Wages (1932/1963), Hicks developed a formula that has proven very useful in relating the substitution elasticity to the derived demand for productive factors, the distribution of factor incomes, and Marshall's Four Rules. This short paper shows that the original and subsequent derivations of Hicks' celebrated formula contained a slip (that factor shares are independent of the substitution elasticity and therefore constant), presents a new derivation and a corrected formula, and demonstrates that, with the corrected formula, Marshall's First Rule based on the substitution elasticity is no longer generally valid.     

Intertemporal efficiency variations in Indian manufacturing industries

One of the important sources of growth of an economy is the efficient and productive use of existing resources. The Indian industries after three decades of protected industrial culture has produced an inefficient regime. This is supposed to be corrected by the on-going economic liberalization. An application of Time-Varying Frontier Production Function approach with both fixed and variable ranking models in Indian industries helps in testing the hypothesis of intertemporal movement of technical efficiencies (TE) on which the current globalization program is based. The results are significantly conclusive: TEs have been falling over time. This along with TFP changes helps us to understand the nature of industrial development in recent past. An inquiry into the sources of inter-industry efficiency variations shows that skill, labor productivity and profit play significantly positive role, while capital intensity works against general beliefs.     

Gender gaps across the earnings distribution for full-time employees in Britain: Allowing for sample selection

This paper investigates gender differences across the log wage distributions of British employees working full-time in 2005. The raw gender wage gap shows a tendency to increase across the distribution with a glass ceiling effect indicated. A strong relationship between high skilled, white-collar occupations and carrying out managerial duties with the glass ceiling effect is indicated in the data. After allowing for positive selection into full-time employment by British women, a substantially larger gender earning gap is found: the selection corrected gender wage gap is close to twice the raw gap across most of the earnings distribution. This selection corrected gap is found to be predominantly related to women receiving lower rewards for their characteristics than men. Indeed, the results suggest the gender earnings gap would all but disappear across the earnings distribution if women working full-time received the same returns to their characteristics as men working full-time in Britain do.     

Estimation and recent behavior of urban population and employment density gradients

The monocentric model of urban structure predicts that urban population density declines with distance from the central business district. Using the negative exponential function to approximate the decline, Mills (E. S. Mills, “Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy,” Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. (1972)) estimated population and employment density gradients from 1948 to 1963 for a sample of 18 SMSAs. This paper updates Mills' estimates and examines recent patterns in population and employment suburbanization. The updated series estimated here is obtained using a “corrected” version of Mills' method. The original procedure incorporated a bias which Mills noted and later corrected (E. Mills and K. Ohta, in “Asia's New Giant” (Patrick and Rosovsky, Eds.), The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. (1976)). The comparability of the series begun by Mills and extended here is not interrupted, however, because, as Mills suspected, the bias is indeed small provided SMSA data are used. On the other hand, Urbanized Area definitions of metropolitan areas cause the original and corrected versions to yield significantly different results. This finding has implications for the appropriate choice of data for urban studies.     

单侧公差如何设立目标值

单侧公差过程能力指数公式（C（pU）、C（pL））存在的错误已被笔者纠正,采用的方法是设立目标值,推导出4个公式（C（pUr）、C（pLr）、C（pUk）、C（pLk））。那么,在生产过程中如何设立目标值？文章给出了目标值设立的有效方法,并列举典型案例详加说明。     

Transformational Instructor‐Leadership in Higher Education Teaching: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Research Agenda

Researchers have shown that transformational leadership is applicable to higher education teaching, that is, transformational instructor‐leadership. However, such research is fractionated across diverse fields. To address the fractionated literature, the purpose of the current study was to conduct a meta‐analytic review of transformational instructor‐leadership and to analyze research in which such leadership has been empirically associated with student outcomes. For the meta‐analysis, the Hunter–Schmidt approach was adopted, and thus, correlations were corrected for attenuation due to measurement error. The findings indicated that transformational instructor‐leadership was positively associated with students’ motivation, satisfaction, perceptions of instructor credibility, academic performance, affective learning, and cognitive learning. Moderator analyses revealed that culture, course delivery, instrument, and gender were all significant moderators of the relationship between transformational instructor‐leadership and specific student outcomes. The findings also showed that there were significant differences between the transformational leadership dimensions, thus supporting the notion that each dimension is conceptually distinct. The present meta‐analysis drew from varied disciplines in contributing the first integrative review on transformational instructor‐leadership. Future research needs to extend the literature with regard to context sensitivity, common method variance, causal conclusions, mechanisms, outcome measures, and control variables. Practically, higher education institutions should consider training transformational instructor‐leaders.