论人民币汇率形成机制的缺陷与风险

现行人民币汇率形成机制是以市场供求为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制度.但是由于我国目前的汇率制度还不是一种真正的汇率制度,它只是向完全浮动汇率制度过渡的一种中间形态.因此,这种汇率机制必然存在许多制度缺陷和不确定因素.这些不确定性使我国宏观经济和微观经济都承受了一定的风险.鉴于此,有必要对我国汇率制度进行进一步的改革.     

加工贸易经济中的汇率传递:一个DSGE模型分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文建立一个具有加工贸易部门的随机动态开放宏观经济多国模型(DSGE模型),研究汇率传递效应。分析发现,进口中间投入品、出口最终消费品的加工贸易部门对于汇率传递和贸易平衡具有重要影响。在价格和工资粘性下,汇率变动对一国国内价格的传递表现出对进出口价格传递快,对生产者价格和消费者价格传递慢的特征。企业"依市场定价"的策略会影响汇率传递特征,尤其影响汇率对进出口价格的传递速度。加工贸易部门的存在对货币升值带来贸易逆差的结论提出了挑战。模拟发现,在加工贸易经济中,企业的定价策略对短期的马歇尔-勒纳条件是否成立具有重要影响。只有当贸易产品更多的采用本币定价,本币升值才会带来贸易逆差或降低顺差。     

全球金融周期与跨境资本流动

本文从全球42个主要的股票市场指数提取全球股票市场因子,作为全球金融周期的代理变量,考察全球金融周期对跨境资本总流入的影响。结果发现:(1)当全球股票市场因子(全球风险规避和不确定性)上升时,跨境资本流入显著下降;(2)一国处于经济繁荣时期,经济增速和利率处于相对较高水平,全球金融周期对资本流入的影响会减弱;(3)一国资本账户开放程度或金融发展水平越高,全球金融周期对资本流入的影响会越强;(4)更具弹性的汇率制度尽管不能完全隔绝全球金融周期的影响,但相比固定汇率制度,可提高一国抵御全球金融周期冲击的能力;(5)美国货币政策冲击是全球金融周期的重要驱动因素,并通过全球金融周期影响跨境资本流动。本文的政策含义在于,一国应夯实经济基本面、采取富有弹性的汇率制度和适当的资本管制措施,以缓解全球金融周期给资本流动带来的冲击。     

外部冲击、金融业开放与“双支柱”调控

面对高度复杂不确定的外部环境,如何设计政策组合以实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重宏观经济目标具有重要的理论与现实意义。为此,本文构建一个具有金融业开放特征的多部门DSGE模型,分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策“双支柱”调控框架应对外部冲击的作用机制与福利效果,并讨论金融业开放水平对汇率制度选择与政策协调搭配的影响。研究表明：为应对外部冲击,中央银行对汇率波动进行管理的力度需要随金融业开放水平的提高而不断加大。同时,金融业开放水平越高,宏观审慎政策逆周期调节银行资产负债表以稳定金融系统乃至整个宏观经济的效果越好。进一步地,在“双支柱”调控框架下,货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调搭配使用不仅可以带来显著的福利改进,而且能够降低央行对汇率波动的最优管理程度,提高货币政策独立性,从而为实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重目标创造条件。     

人民币汇率机制改革与进出口贸易问题探索

金融危机及由此引发的欧债危机曾导致世界经济局势动荡不安,同样,我国的对外贸易也受到较大影响。汇率作为一国货币与另一国货币的兑换比率,是衡量经济内外均衡度的重要指标,研究人民币汇率机制改革与进出口贸易的关系具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文在人民币汇率不断波动的大背景下,以人民币汇率机制改革和我国国际贸易的关系为切入点,将人民币汇率变化分解为人民币升值和贬值两个方面,分别从两个方面分析人民币汇率波动对我国进出口贸易的影响作用。     

贸易摩擦、宏观经济波动与经济开放程度的选择

本文构建一个包含关税冲击以及外汇风险溢价的两国开放经济DSGE模型,创新地揭示了关税冲击造成实际汇率波动的“直接效应”与“间接效应”,刻画了关税变动、贸易条件与实际汇率之间的动态关系与作用机制。我们深入分析了不同经济开放程度下贸易摩擦造成的宏观经济波动以及经济福利损失。模拟结果表明,在一定贸易开放程度下,外国加收关税一方面会导致本国贸易条件恶化,引发出口及产出下降;另一方面会导致本国汇率贬值,引发出口及产出增长。关税冲击发生后短期中汇率贬值效应占优,本国产出会出现小幅上升,随后贸易条件恶化效应逐步显现,产出持续下降。福利分析结果表明,本国适度提升贸易开放度,虽然经济福利损失会小幅上升,但福利损失增加幅度小于外国,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对优势;如果本国过度提高贸易开放度,则会导致本国福利损失大幅增加,并且大于外国福利损失增幅,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对劣势。因此,应适度逐步有序地提升贸易开放度。此外,本国适度推进资本账户开放的政策能够改善贸易条件,促进本国经济增长。     

贸易摩擦、宏观经济波动与经济开放程度的选择

本文构建一个包含关税冲击以及外汇风险溢价的两国开放经济DSGE模型,创新地揭示了关税冲击造成实际汇率波动的“直接效应”与“间接效应”,刻画了关税变动、贸易条件与实际汇率之间的动态关系与作用机制。我们深入分析了不同经济开放程度下贸易摩擦造成的宏观经济波动以及经济福利损失。模拟结果表明,在一定贸易开放程度下,外国加收关税一方面会导致本国贸易条件恶化,引发出口及产出下降;另一方面会导致本国汇率贬值,引发出口及产出增长。关税冲击发生后短期中汇率贬值效应占优,本国产出会出现小幅上升,随后贸易条件恶化效应逐步显现,产出持续下降。福利分析结果表明,本国适度提升贸易开放度,虽然经济福利损失会小幅上升,但福利损失增加幅度小于外国,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对优势;如果本国过度提高贸易开放度,则会导致本国福利损失大幅增加,并且大于外国福利损失增幅,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对劣势。因此,应适度逐步有序地提升贸易开放度。此外,本国适度推进资本账户开放的政策能够改善贸易条件,促进本国经济增长。     

汇率制度弹性与国际资本流动“突然停止”持续期

本文以65个主要经济体1980—2021年的季度数据为研究样本，采用生存分析法考察汇率制度弹性对国际资本流动“突然停止”持续期的影响。研究发现：富有弹性的汇率制度能够发挥危机缓冲器作用，提高汇率制度弹性能够使“突然停止”风险的退出概率增加69.7%，即提高汇率制度弹性有利于缩短“突然停止”持续期，且这一结论经过一系列稳健性、内生性检验后依然成立。异质性分析表明，经济和金融发展水平较高的经济体，提高汇率制度弹性更有利于其从“突然停止”风险中快速退出。进一步研究发现，提高资本账户和贸易开放度能显著促进汇率制度弹性对“突然停止”持续期的抑制作用。研究结论为“三元悖论”中选择汇率稳定还是资本自由流动提供了参考依据。在货币政策独立的前提下，应尽可能增强汇率制度弹性，同时审慎提高资本账户开放程度，从而更好地缓冲“突然停止”冲击。     

资本项目开放视角下的人民币汇率制度改革

汇率制度的选择一直是国际金融领域最重要的问题之一。作为大国经济体,中国受限于当前外汇市场规模、深度和参与者风险意识,逐步选择转向参考一篮子货币的人民币汇率形成机制是资本项目有序开放背景下的合理选择,有利于人民币相对于贸易国家货币的稳定。人民币兑美元汇率弹性的扩大和双向波动预期的形成对于提高外汇市场的深度、效率和市场参与者的风险意识具有重要意义。     

国际货币、汇率传递与货币政策北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文拓展了开放经济中的货币政策模型,在引入国际货币和不完全汇率传递的框架下重点考察了最优货币政策问题。研究表明最优货币政策不仅取决于国际货币的比重,而且还受到汇率传递程度、经济开放度、货币需求弹性等多种因素的影响。国际货币份额的下降和汇率传递程度的上升都能提高宏观政策调控的有效性,从而改善纳什均衡的福利水平;然而国际货币的存在和不完全汇率传递却可以为两国的货币政策合作提供更多的福利改进空间。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original