对实施门诊特殊病种医疗保险管理的探讨

目前,城镇职工基本医疗保险制度采用的是“统账结合”的模式,门诊费用主要由个人账户支付,个人账户不足支付时,由个人自付;住院费用主要由统筹基金支付;同时,将部分需长期在门诊治疗且花费较大的治疗项目和慢性病纳入门诊特殊病种的管理范围,由统筹基金     

对我国养老金名义个人账户制及其财务可持续性的分析

为解决养老金隐性债务问题,我国采取了转移个人账户资金用于社会统筹的方法。这一方法在国际上被称为名义个人账户制。名义个人账户制的采用,虽然有其现实合理性,但也存在许多问题,并且在财务运行上也不具有可持续性。因此,名义个人账户制不能从根本上解决养老金隐性债务。     

个人账户可继承性与计发月数内在关系的定量分析

计发月数是我国基本养老保险体系中个人账户的关键参数，本文通过构建包含继承份额的个人账户精算模型，修正了计发月数的计算公式，得到个人账户收支平衡的判别定理。研究表明，忽略可继承性会严重低估计发月数，并产生大量资金缺口；计发月数与期望寿命无直接关系；提高退休年龄不一定能增强支付能力；提高投资收益率，或降低计发月数并合理控制收支差额，是当前协调个人账户养老保障和财务支付能力的重要办法。     

浅析基本医疗保险“统账结合”中的风险处理方法

国务院《关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》中,把"统账结合"作为我国建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的四项基本原则之一。将"统账结合"展开来说,具体包含了这样两项内容:首先,设立基本医疗保险基金的时候,将基金分为两部分。一部分是参保人员的个人账户,资金来源于参保人员个人缴费的全部及用人单位缴费的30%左右;另一部分是统筹基金,即用人单位缴费划入个人账户之后的剩余部分。其次,为个人账户和统筹基金划分了不同的支付范围,个人账户主要用于支付门诊或小额医疗费用、统筹基     

深圳市职工医保个人账户家庭共享的成效及启示

我国职工基本医疗保险个人账户在运行过程中存在基金沉淀过多、使用范围窄、社会互济差、滥用严重等问题,针对个人账户存在的弊端,深圳市从2011年开始推行职工医保个人账户家庭共享政策,家庭共享政策的实施扩大了个人账户的支付范围、激活了个人账户的沉淀基金、实现了个人账户的互助共济,受到了社会各界的广泛好评,具有较强的借鉴和推广意义。     

养老保险个人账户基金可持续运行能力分析——以上海市为例

个人账户制度是我国基本养老保险制度的重要组成部分。转轨后的个人账户基金未来是否具有充足的给付能力,直接关系到养老保险制度的稳定性及持续性。本文通过建立个人账户基金收支精算模型,基于个人账户制度按照现行制度规定继续运行的角度,对其可持续运行能力进行了测算,并对影响养老金替代率的因素进行了敏感性分析,并在此基础上提出了确保个人账户基金可持续发展的有效措施。     

论拓展医保保险个人账户金使用范围

随着我国社会经济发展进入新阶段以及城市化、老龄化、经济全球化的演变,医疗保险个人账户金管理和使用过程中存在账户支付范围狭窄、缺乏共济性等诸多问题也阻碍着医疗保险效能的发挥,本文从个人账户互济和拓展支付范围等方面对医疗保险个人账户管理的改革进行了探讨.     

我国基本养老保险体系中个人账户余额发放方式合理化探讨

本文通过精算分析，揭示了目前我国社会养老保险制度中个人账户养老金支付方案的弊端，进而通过基于“选择生命表”的在两个不同假设下的个人账户精算模型的运算，提出个人账户余额发放方式的两种可供选择的替代方案，并经过比较，最终确定其中一种方案为较优的替代方案。     

基于资金净值的个人账户养老金动态调整研究

为了建立一个既能自动实现平衡,又能充分发挥养老功能的个人账户养老金调整机制,本文根据精算平衡原理,基于个人账户的资金净值构建养老金的动态调整模型。研究表明,本模型能够自动修正预测偏差,自动实现精算平衡,且具內生性;不仅可以在总量上保持平衡,最大程度发挥养老功能,而且每年的支付能力也是充足的;具有稳健性和可操作性,对调整因子等价转换后,调整养老全时就不要对参数进行预测了。     

养老保险个人账户的投资决策研究

我国养老保险改革后由于历史原因造成的转制成本、人口老龄化等多方面的因素,面临着严重的支付危机.为此本文基于利率期限结构理论对个人账户养老基金提出新的投资决策,这对缓解养老金的支付危机、应付未来人口老龄化的出现等都有较好的指导意义.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.