从安然公司破产案看企业战略管理的重要性

２００１年１２月１２日，世界上最大的电力交易商和天然气交易商安然公司根据美国破产法第１１章规定，向纽约破产法庭申请破产保护，在申请书中安然公司开列的资产总额近５００亿美元，创造了美国历史上最大的公司破产案记录。安然公司创立于１９８５年，由休斯顿天然气公司和北方天然气公司合并而成，公司拥有４９８亿美元资产，经营范围主要包括电力、天然气、能源和商品运输以及为全球客户提供财务和风险管理服务等，有３０００多家子公司，业务遍及欧洲、亚洲和世界其他地区。公司鼎盛时的年收入达１０００亿美元，在美国５００强中名…     

美国会计师行业的制度变迁及其启示

2001年12月2日美国能源巨头安然公司(Enron Corp)突然申请破产,顿时其股价从最高的90美元跌至50美分左右,股票总市价从最高时700亿美元跌至不足2亿美元。同时,负责安然公司审计业务的安达信会计事务所也未能幸免。2000年,安然公司年度营业收入达1000多亿元,营业收入增长率为151．3％,股价最高时达到90美元。然而,到2001年初,其经营开始出现危机,主要表现在：能源价格下跌对公司的影响,公司衍生金融     

谁敢相信安达信

<正> 美国安然公司申请破产在美国和世界引起了巨大震动,其影响程度现在还无法完全估计。但安然公司的崩塌却引起了人们对相关问题的反思,其中,有关安达信会计公司所引发的对会计师行业的公信力就是突出一例。安达信作假并非仅此一例安然公司的倒台引起如此大的震动有其特殊之处。一方面它是个庞然大物,在美国企业中排第七位,是世界最大的天然气交易商,曾以700亿美元的股市市值居美国上市公司前列。另一方面,还在于安然公司屡屡编造假账,虚报盈利。而位     

“安然”神话缘何破灭

2001年12月 2日，美国最大的天然气和能源批发交易商、资产规模达498亿美元的安然公司（EN-RON）宣告破产。安然曾连续4年戴上《财富》杂志授予的“美国最具创新精神的公司”桂冠，2000年《财富》世界500强排名第16位，曾被哈佛商学院认为是旧经济向新经济成功转变的典范，这样成功的企业为什么会如此脆弱而不堪一击呢？     

印度软件业探源

一、迅速崛起２０世纪９０年代以来，以软件业为代表的印度电子信息技术产业取得举世瞩目的成就。１９９８年，印度软件业产值２２亿美元，出口１８亿美元。１９９９年，印度软件业产值达到４０亿美元，其中出口２８亿美元。根据世界著名咨询公司麦卡锡公司预测，到２００８年，印度软件产业产值将达到８５０亿美元，其中出口为５００亿美元。目前，印度约有７００多家专业软件公司，有２０００多家从事与软件有关业务的公司，几乎所有的世界级公司都在印度设立分公司，其中许多公司将亚太总部设在印度。当前，印度软件业每年以平均４２％的…     

当代工业型跨国公司与我国大型跨国工业企业高技术战略

跨国公司在世界经济中的作用越来越大。联合国《1992年世界投资报告》中的资料显示,到1990年底跨国公司在世界上已超过3.5万家,其海外于公司约15万家。1990年跨国公司对国外的直接投资额(FDI)为2250亿美元。累计对外投资额约17300亿美元。1991年世界500家最大的工业公司的销售总额约52000亿美元。大约占全世界国内生产总值(GDP)的28.3％。面对世界上巨型跨国工业公司的竞争和挑战,我国大型工业企业要奋起直追,迎头赶上,更积极地去参与国际竞争和交换,以提高我国的综合国际竞争力。     

2000年世界最大200家国际工程设计公司概览

2000年,世界最大200家国际工程设计公司营业额总计为444亿美元,比1999年增长1.1%。其中,国际市场营业额为161亿美元,同比下降6.4%（1999年为172亿美元）;国内市场营业额为283亿美元,同比增长6.0%（1999年为267亿美元）。国际市场营业额缩减的部分原因是由于克瓦纳公司没有参加2000年年度统计,而1999年该公司国际市场营业额达5.89亿美元。以国际市场营业额排名,欧美公司以骄人业绩占据了2000年世界最大200家工程设计公司排行榜的绝大多数席位。最大的10家公司中,美国占据了半壁江山,荷兰有3家公司榜上有名,英国和加拿大各有1家。…     

从世界知名大企业的失误中吸取教训

据统计，2001年美国宣布破产的国有公司有257家，总资产高达2580亿美元。而2002年，几乎每个月都会传来一个业界巨人轰然倒地的声音。安然（Enron）、世界电信（Worldcom）、宝丽来、安达信、施乐……这些可不是业绩平平的一般公司，     

安然之死（二）

第四章 安然事件余波 安然就像是一个巨大的“黑洞”,随着事件调查的深入,越来越多的幕后消息走上前台。 4.1 丑闻与诉讼缠身 安然曾在避税国登记了800家分支机构。仅2000年,安然就避税2.78亿美元。在调查的5年间,安然只有在1997年曾纳税。1996年至2000年间,安然曾4年未支付所得税,并累计骗得税款返还达4亿美元。安然利用大量在避税国分支机构和对股票期权进行演绎而逃税。在安然接受调查期间,安然被突然解     

"安然"破产案的启示

在美国公司５００强中名列第七、被称为“最具创新精神”、拥有总资产达４９８亿美元的美国能源巨头安然公司，由于去年底虚报６亿美元的盈余和掩盖１０亿多美元巨额债务等制造假账的问题彻底暴露，不得不申请破产保护，使得全球范围内的投资者及公司员工损失了数百亿美元。这一事件极大地挫伤了美国的经济，重创了自称监管机制是最健全的美国政界。企业造假账是不容忽视的世界范围内普遍存在的一大顽症，危害性极大，为使我国尽快步入世界强国之列，应高度关注这一问题，规范企业会计行为。为此，应深刻剖析我国企业造假账现象的成因，以便…     

论管理是第二生产力

本文论述了科学技术和管理是决定生产力发展水平的两个重要因素 ,提出了管理是第二生产力的观点 ,并强调在我国加强管理的重要性。     

Multi-level driving forces of biological invasions

Biological invasions are human-induced processes affecting biodiversity. Information on biological invasions can be organized following the categories of the DPSIR model. This paper examines the state of the art in the application of this model to the study and management of biological invasions.The paper focuses on driving forces and pressures, clarifying the different levels at which drivers operate and promote invasion processes. Identifying driving forces is necessary not only to understand the processes behind biological invasions but also to generate policy initiatives that address threats to biodiversity at different levels of governance. Thus driving forces and pressures on biological invasions are identified taking into account the multi-level character of such processes. The final section reviews the role that different stakeholders play in biological invasion management and finally elaborates a list of indicators derived from the analysis that can be used in decision making concerning invasion processes.     

Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind

Since the UNCED Conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the need to actively protect biodiversity is universally acknowledged. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defined biodiversity as comprising ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity, and decided for the ecosystem level as the basis for describing biodiversity. However, due to conceptual problems as much as to the lack of data, so far no comprehensive measurements of biodiversity have been developed. A single measure quantitatively describing biodiversity even seems out of reach due to the incommensurability of the three levels. This makes it impossible to directly base policy decisions on existing or future estimates of the “total size” of biodiversity. Instead, it is suggested to analyse the pressures threatening biodiversity, which can usually be measured quantitatively, and act as the interface between the socioeconomic driving forces behind them and the biological impacts. The drivers (physical primary drivers, politics and policies causing them as secondary and institutional structures as tertiary ones) do not only affect biodiversity, but a range of sustainability problems. The analysis permits to integrate biodiversity risks with broader environmental and sustainability policies, and thus to mainstream biodiversity preservation.Such an analysis is presented for Europe, naming pressures and driving forces and illustrating the close links between the causes of biodiversity pressures and other environmental problems. This way, it is possible to develop first ideas how the standard set of environmental policies must be modified and extended to cover the issue of biodiversity.     

Driving forces for standardization at standardization development organizations

This paper investigates sector-specific driving forces for the standardization activities at national standardization organizations. In the first part, theoretical hypotheses concerning sector-specific standardization are derived. The empirical test is performed by a two-step procedure. First, based on 19 sectors, these hypotheses are tested empirically for Germany. The results show that R&D-intensive sectors standardize very actively; additionally, intellectual property rights play an important role. Furthermore, standardization increases with the concentration of the enterprises up to a certain threshold, where standardization activities decline again. Finally, export-intensive sectors tend to standardize more. Secondly, because of the small data base, these hypotheses are empirically tested in a pool model, an international cross-section approach based on 20 sectors and seven countries. These results are generally in concordance with the findings of Germany. After a summary of the results, recommendations for future standardization practice are given.     

优化主体,健全管理加强援外骨干队伍建设

新中国成立以来,我国一直非常重视与其他发展中国家的经济合作关系,向一些国家提供了力所能及的经济援助,对促进受援国经济社会的发展起到了积极的作用.     

学界对先进生产力的思考

先进的社会生产力,就是智能化的生产力、社会化的生产力、市场化的生产力。先进生产力具有丰富的内涵和特征,有自己的实现机制和社会条件。加强对先进生产力的研究,是一个很重大的理论和实践问题。     

Driving forces of chemical risks for the European biodiversity

In the framework of the EU-funded research project ALARM (Assessing LArge-scale environmental Risks with tested Methods), an original method combining the DPSIR (driving forces–pressures–state–impacts–responses) framework and an analysis based on the distinction between the four spheres of sustainability (environmental, economic, social and political) has been developed. This paper presents the application of this method, called “the tetrahedral DPSIR” for the identification and analysis of driving forces of environmental chemicals risks for biodiversity, in Europe. The purpose of this methodology is to help reduce the pressures on biodiversity through modifying the driving forces behind them by offering scientific advice to policy makers. We frame our analysis in the context of the current policy, namely the implementation of REACH (Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of CHemicals).     

The role of market forces in EPA enforcement activity

As corporate concern regarding environmental issues grows, recent studies have debated the stock market's role as an enforcer of environmental regulation. We examine stock market reactions to EPA judicial actions on a sample of publicly traded firms from 1972–91. Specifically, we find that (a) there is a significant decline of 0.43% in violator firm value during the week of settlement; (b) the market penalty is unrelated to fine size, (c) more pronounced for citations under the Clean Air Act, (d) for repeat violators, and (e) for more recent EPA actions. These stock market reactions appear to reinforce the intent of EPA enforcement efforts.Funding from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (Grant #818496-01-0) is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank John Dennis, Tom Adams, V. Denise Saunders, and Robert Papetti for helpful discussions and Bill Lewellen for his insightful comments. The research assistance of Dan Hillis, Nick Wade, and Chris Munger was invaluable. Suggestions by anonymous referees at this journal have greatly improved this paper.