中小企业生态位衰退的成因与化解研究

借鉴企业演化观、企业竞争力衰退等研究成果,从组织衰退这一新视角对中小企业生态位进行试探性研究,构建了中小企业生态位衰退的识别体系,分析中小企业生态位衰退的形成机制,提出化解中小企业生态位衰退的策略体系。     

基于生态位分化理论的中小企业发展战略分析

借助生态位理论重新审视中小企业的发展战略和竞争行为,指出中小企业应主动与大企业的生态位分化,并且提出基于生态位分化的小生位战略以及牢固占据小生位的深度适应战略,为中小企业在激烈的市场竞争中生存与发展提供了新思维和新方法。     

生态位约束下的中小企业公司治理

本文借鉴生态学中的生态位理论建立了一个简明的逻辑构架：中小企业具有自己特定的生态位——中小企业的生态位形成了对中小企业公司治理的约束。文章结合中小企业公司治理中的几个重要问题对这个逻辑框架作了具体展开．分别是：公司治理系统的选择，社会关系网络的运用，权力制衡的安排；人力资本的处置，利益相关者之间的协调。     

基于生态服务功能评估的滇西北脆弱区保护优先区识别及管理策略

2005年千年生态系统评估结果的公布,使人们重新审视生态系统服务的重要意义,更加强调对生态功能保护区的系统管理。保护优先区识别是生物多样性系统保护规划的中间环节和保护地布局优化的前提,已有的保护优先区识别多数基于物种本身和物种-环境的关系划定。文章以滇西北生态脆弱区为研究区,引入生物多样性优先保护规划理论,选取9类15项指标构建了基于生态功能评估的保护优先区识别的指标体系。通过开展生态功能现状、敏感性和重要性评估及加权叠加分析,识别出了滇西北生物多样性保护、水源涵养和土壤保持等重要生态服务功能保护的优先区域,提出了法定保护区、生态功能保护区、生态功能恢复区和生态经济发展区的分区管理策略。     

新时期供应链创新:以区块链为核心技术支撑的泛智慧供应链全息生态圈建设构想

供应链生态体现为经济活动全过程的组织形态,是推动供给侧改革的重要方面。在产业生态方面,当前供应链生态信息传递不完全、各方需求无法即时匹配、参与者自金融能力不够,在金融生态方面,供应链生态面临信用缺乏、针对中小企业金融服务严重不足以及中小企业融资成本居高不下等困境。通过重塑供应链生态的内涵,在全息数字孪生前提下拓展供应链生态的功能,进而提出泛智慧供应链全息生态圈,并以山西为蓝本对泛智慧供应链全息生态圈的内涵、功能、目标及方案进行界定与设计。     

团队生态系统及其演化路径探析

21世纪,团队的力量已经成为成功的关键因素之一,但现实世界中许多组织的团队还远未达到精诚合作的境界.文章借鉴生态系统和生态位构建的原理和方法,具体阐述团队生态系统的概念、特征和功能,分析团队生态系统演化过程中团队生态位构建的重要作用,为团队的建设与运作构建良好的生态系统,是组织或企业团队管理的应有之义.     

基于产业生态学的产品生态设计原理、方法

本文阐述了产品生态设计的原理和方法。产品生态设计以产业生态学为基本原理,将生态因素、环境因素融入产品的设计之中,实行产品生态设计战略。产品生态设计包括产品生态识别、产品生态诊断、产品生态定义和生态产品评价4个步骤。     

基于Elman神经网络的中小企业营销风险评估

中小企业营销风险是由营销环境等因素的不确定变化带来的,营销风险评估是营销风险管理的核心。文章根据Elman神经网络原理,利用其非线性与泛化的能力,建立了一个基于Elman神经网络的中小企业营销风险识别及评估模型,并进行了实证分析以验证模型的正确性。     

海南生态经济强省战略中生态位理论应用

生态位理论是生态学中关于物种关系的普遍原理,同时也是人类社会与自然环境关系的普遍法则。本文在阐明生物物种生态位基本理论的基础上,把生态位理论引入“生态海南物种”的生态位理论研究中,并就海南生态经济强省战略中生态位理论及生态位利用原则进行了例证剖析。初步研究结果显示：“生态海南”这一生态经济强省的战略目标适合于海南生存、发展的位置,生态经济强省的具体生态战术则需要生态位理论的应用。     

生态经济管理在我国中小企业中的应用研究

发展现代市场经济,建立现代企业制度,探索一条具有中国特色的生态与经济相协调的中小企业生态经济管理模式,是我国中小企业发展面临的一项战略任务。结合环境问题的日益严重性,介绍了生态经济管理在我国中小企业开展的意义,阐述了在中小企业实施生态经济管理的任务与内容,提出了中小企业实施生态经济管理的有效途径。     

Measuring uncertainty of the euro area NAIRU: Monte Carlo and empirical evidence for alternative confidence intervals in a state space framework

This paper investigates uncertainty around point estimates of the euro area NAIRU in a state space framework. The relative accuracy of alternative measures of uncertainty for state space models are compared using Monte Carlo simulations. A direct bootstrap method yields confidence intervals with lower coverage probability than confidence intervals based on mean squared errors (MSE) approximations. The degree of uncertainty of the euro area NAIRU is estimated with a trivariate state space model. The direct bootstrap method shows the narrowest confidence interval compared with the MSE approximations. However, the wider intervals based on MSE approximations are narrow enough for the identification of some periods in time where observed unemployment and the NAIRU differ significantly.     

企业生态位评价指标及模型构建研究

在评述国内外有关生态位和企业生态位研究成果的基础上,从生态位的态和势两个方面设计了企业生态位的评价指标体系,运用AHP法和突变理论分别建立了中国情景下企业生态位的态和势评价模型;并选择了中国4个城市的8家企业作为调查对象,对模型进行了应用研究。结果表明:这种基于生态位的企业评价模型较传统的依靠财务指标为主的企业评价方法,更能体现企业的差异性特征,能更切实地反映出企业的竞争潜力和生存能力。     

基于生态位理论的区域城市星级酒店竞争力——以珠江三角洲为例的研究

本文引入生态位理论中的态势理论,构建了包括旅游资源、住宿接待、经营业绩、商业投资、消费、交通、信息和环境8大竞争力39项变量的区域城市星级酒店的测评指标体系,对珠三角区域城市星级酒店的生态位进行测评,并以因子分析进行核准,结合聚类分析,将珠三角区域城市星级酒店竞争力划分为领先优势、比较优势、中等水平和比较劣势4种类型,继而基于生态位的重叠、分离、特化和扩充理论,深入探讨其具体发展策略,为珠三角区域城市星级酒店优化发展的实践提供理论支撑。     

Microstructure Noise, Realized Variance, and Optimal Sampling

A recent and extensive literature has pioneered the summing of squared observed intra-daily returns, "realized variance", to estimate the daily integrated variance of financial asset prices, a traditional object of economic interest. We show that, in the presence of market microstructure noise, realized variance does not identify the daily integrated variance of the frictionless equilibrium price. However, we demonstrate that the noise-induced bias at very high sampling frequencies can be appropriately traded off with the variance reduction obtained by high-frequency sampling and derive a mean-squared-error (MSE) optimal sampling theory for the purpose of integrated variance estimation. We show how our theory naturally leads to an identification procedure, which allows us to recover the moments of the unobserved noise; this procedure may be useful in other applications. Finally, using the profits obtained by option traders on the basis of alternative variance forecasts as our economic metric, we find that explicit optimization of realized variance's finite sample MSE properties results in accurate forecasts and considerable economic gains.     

构建和谐的企业生态系统--从沃尔玛低成本竞争谈起

Wal-Mart's Darwinism deserves our attention. Aiming at the problems caused by Wal-Mart, this article gives a profound analysis on the concept and model of the enterprise ecosystem and expounds basic characters (such as integrity,hierarchy, functionality, autoregulation etc.) with relevant theories and knowledge of systematology and ecology, andputs forward ecological principles for the construction of harmonious enterprises' ecosystem (such as principle o f interaction,principle of co-evolution, principle of ecoflow, principle of ecological niche, principle of limiting factor and principle of ecological equilibrium) in order to provide new ideas for enterprises 'operation decisions and to promote the whole enterprise ecosystem to develop more healthily, harmoniously and sustainably.     

企业生态战略:和谐社会理念下的战略新思维

本文在分析企业战略发展从环境适应阶段到对抗竞争-合作联盟-共生进化阶段的演化历程的基础上,借鉴生 态学原理,提出企业生态战略是符合当今和谐社会理念的战略新思维,并分析了企业生态战略的理论意义及其实践运用性, 如合作共生、错位经营、泛化与特化战略、柔性战略、协同进化等。同时,更深入地揭示了企业与环境之间本质上的生态关 系,突破了传统的企业战略理论,为企业竞争提供了新的生态战略模式,以促进企业与环境间的协同进化与和谐共生。     

On the choice of functional form in stochastic frontier modeling

This paper examines the effect of functional form specification on the estimation of technical efficiency using a panel data set of 125 olive-growing farms in Greece for the period 1987–93. The generalized quadratic Box-Cox transformation is used to test the relative performance of alternative, widely used, functional forms and to examine the effect of prior choice on final efficiency estimates. Other than the functional specifications nested within the Box-Cox transformation, the comparative analysis includes the minflex Laurent translog and generalized Leontief that possess desirable approximation properties. The results indicate that technical efficiency measures are very sensitive to the choice of functional specification. Perhaps most importantly, the choice of functional form affects the identification of the factors affecting individual performance – the sources of technical inefficiency. The analysis also shows that while specification searches do narrow down the set of feasible alternatives, the identification of the most appropriate functional specification might not always be (statistically) feasible. First version received: November 1999/Final version received: July 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  The authors wish to thank Almas Heshmati, Robert Romain, and an anonymous referee for insightful comments and suggestions. Special thanks go to the associate editor who handled the paper, and whose careful reading and suggestions have improved the paper substantially. The second author wishes to acknowledge the financial support from “President SSHRC” from the University of Saskatchewan. The usual caveats with respect to opinions expressed in the paper apply. Senior authorship is shared. This is University of Nebraska-Lincoln Agricultural Research Division Article No. 13270.     

企业生态位与竞争战略

本文提出了企业生态位的概念,并运用生态位理论对企业生态位宽度和企业生态位重叠的内涵、测度作了尝试性的探索.在一个环境资源有限的企业生态系统中,企业之间的竞争程度与其生态位重叠的程度成比例关系.企业不仅要选择恰当的生态位,而且要根据环境的变化对生态位作出及时、适当的调整和优化.企业可以通过生态位分离来实现生态位共生,从而避免由于生态位的严重重叠而引起的过度竞争.     

技术变迁视角下企业技术生态位对创新能力的影响

以2013—2017年中国航空航天制造企业专利数据为研究样本,采用泊松回归模型检验了企业技术生态位特征与创新能力之间的关系,并将系统中心生态位作为调节变量检验其对于企业技术生态位与创新能力关系的影响。结果表明：企业技术生态位的宽度及重叠度均与其创新能力呈倒U型关系;系统中心生态位进入正向调节企业技术生态位宽度与创新能力的关系,负向调节企业技术生态位重叠度与创新能力的关系。系统中心生态位深度负向调节企业技术生态位宽度与创新能力的关系,而对技术生态位重叠度与创新能力的关系无显著影响。     

企业竞争的生态策略研究

I.IntroductionAt the end of20th century,strategy ecology school appeared,whose theory could be dated back to the founder of neoclassiceconomy,English economist Alfred Marshall,who thought thathuman society and biosphere had some similarities,that eco-nomics was just"a part of biology in broad sense."In the late of1970s,organizational ecology was founded by M.T.Hannanand J.H.Freeman,whose monograph Organizational Ecologyapplied some ecological views and means to researches oforganizations.…