溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响

运用博弈论的方法研究溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响,构建了不同情形下的博弈模型,研究表明:当溢出效应较弱时,合作研发下的政府补贴率最高,但企业更愿意选择集中式决策;当溢出效应中等时,企业的最优策略是合作研发并能够获得较高水平的政府补贴率;当溢出效应较强时,企业的最优策略是选择分散式决策,政府仍会为其设定最优补贴率。分散式决策与合作研发均能使研发投资、消费者剩余和社会福利维持在较高水平;集中式决策不仅会弱化企业的研发投资积极性,还会损害消费者剩余和社会福利。     

知识来源和创新联系的地理分布对创新绩效的影响研究

文章基于空间分布的视角,以北京地区汽车零部件、软件和生物产业的456家企业为例,研究了外部知识来源和创新联系的地理分布对不同水平创新绩效的影响以及内部研发投资的调节作用。结果表明,企业国际化的知识来源与突破性创新之间存在倒U形关系。企业进行研发采购时倾向于选择地理范围较远的伙伴,而且国际研发采购确实能增加企业产生突破性创新的可能性;企业开展研发合作时倾向于选择地理范围较近的伙伴,但无论与何种地理分布的伙伴合作均未能增加企业产生突破性创新的可能性。企业的内部研发投资会抑制国际研发采购、国际研发合作和区域内研发合作对突破性创新的影响。     

基于前景理论的科技型小微企业合作研发决策研究

合作研发是科技型小微企业寻求可持续发展的重要途径,现实中却存在着科技型小微企业合作研发意愿强烈,但鲜有合作研发行为的矛盾。基于前景理论,以技术溢出率、利润分配、知识转化率和信息搜寻成本为关键变量,分别构建了合作研发、独立研发和模仿3种决策方案的价值函数、决策权重函数和期望效用函数。通过比较前景值分析科技型小微企业合作研发行为的实现条件,并运用算例分析验证了模型的有效性。研究表明：技术溢出率、利润分配、知识转化率和信息搜寻成本通过影响3种方案的收益增量影响风险态度;面临合作研发与独立研发决策时,科技型小微企业表现为风险偏好,倾向于选择独立研发;面临模仿与合作研发决策时,科技型小微企业表现为风险规避,倾向于选择模仿。     

产品差异与技术差距影响研发溢出的理论探讨——基于企业竞争合作策略视角

在传统研发溢出效应假设基础上,通过技术差距将溢出效应与产品差异有机联系起来,并通过构建双寡头企业两阶段博弈模型对研发卡特尔、生产卡特尔、完全合作等不同形式合作联盟的均衡水平和福利变化进行分析比较。研究证实:当企业间技术差距较小时,完全合作或研发卡特尔能有效提高企业利润和社会福利;而当技术差距较大时,研发阶段的合作不仅无法激励企业进行研发投入,还会抑制企业创新的积极性。此外,与完全合作相比,局部合作具有更强的稳定性和可持续性,尤其是在产品差异程度较大的情况下,研发卡特尔最为稳定。     

产品差异与技术差距影响研发溢出的理论探讨

在传统研发溢出效应假设基础上，通过技术差距将溢出效应与产品差异有机联系起来，并通过构建双寡头企业两阶段博弈模型对研发卡特尔、生产卡特尔、完全合作等不同形式合作联盟的均衡水平和福利变化进行分析比较。研究证实：当企业间技术差距较小时，完全合作或研发卡特尔能有效提高企业利润和社会福利；而当技术差距较大时，研发阶段的合作不仅无法激励企业进行研发投入，还会抑制企业创新的积极性。此外，与完全合作相比，局部合作具有更强的稳定性和可持续性，尤其是在产品差异程度较大的情况下，研发卡特尔最为稳定。     

企业间合作研发与技术创新绩效——基于世界银行2012年中国企业调查数据的实证分析

中国企业长期存在着技术创新绩效低下的问题,而随着技术研发的日益复杂化以及成本和风险的不断提升,企业间合作研发成为企业创新的重要方式之一。本文基于世界银行2012年中国企业调查数据,采用倾向得分匹配法及广义倾向得分匹配法分别考察企业间合作研发决策以及企业间合作研发强度对企业技术创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明,相对于不开展企业间合作研发,开展企业间合作研发可显著提升企业的技术创新绩效;只有在企业间合作研发强度处于相对较低水平时,增加企业间合作研发才可显著提升企业技术创新绩效,而合作研发强度过高时并不能有效地提升企业技术创新绩效。     

网络外部性下基于投资溢出的企业合作研发博弈模型

本文建立了网络外部性环境下基于投资溢出的企业合作研发博弈模型,研究了企业合作研发策略,分析了网络外部性、兼容性以及投资溢出等对企业合作研发动机、企业利润和社会福利等的影响。研究表明,合作研发能提高企业利润和社会福利;兼容性较大或外部性较小时,提高产品外部性会增强企业合作研发意愿;提高兼容性或投资溢出则始终会增强企业合作研发意愿,提高企业利润和社会福利。因此,政府应鼓励企业生产高网络外部性和高兼容性的产品,并增强投资溢出效应,激励企业投入更多研发资源,提高企业利润和社会福利。     

不确定性、溢出效应与R&D合作

所建立的模型是D'Asprement和Jacquemin(1988)型的一个扩展,它构建了两个企业在不确定情形下进行R&D竞争和合作的理论模型.模型的目的是解释不确定性如何影响研发效率,比较两个企业在R&D竞争和两种合作模式下技术投入水平、产量以及企业利润的情况.主要结论是企业的R&D研发(产量)水平总是随R&D成功概率的增加而增加的.当R&D溢出较大时,企业合作研发条件下的研发(产量)水平大于竞争条件下的研发水平,也大于联合实验室条件下的研发(产量)水平.     

基于合作研发组织下的隐性契约稳定性比较

本文研究企业与科研机构组成的合作研发组织下的隐性契约。双方虽然事前有参与合作的动力,但是由于存在组织下的合作研发外溢效应,这种外溢既有合作双方间的外溢风险,又有协议实施和背弃的外溢风险。本文从厂商立场出发,通过分析合作中采用何种隐性契约控制和限制外溢风险发现,当溢出率较小时采用长期雇佣契约更稳定,而溢出率较大时采用技术支持契约更稳定。     

不确定性、溢出效应与R＆D合作

所建立的模型是D＇Asprement和Jacquemin（1988）模型的一个扩展,它构建了两个企业在不确定情形下进行R＆D竞争和合作的理论模型。模型的目的是解释不确定性如何影响研发效率,比较两个企业在R＆D竞争和两种合作模式下技术投入水平、产量以及企业利润的情况。主要结论是企业的R＆D研发（产量）水平总是随R＆D成功概率的增加而增加的。当R＆D溢出较大时,企业合作研发条件下的研发（产量）水平大于竞争条件下的研发水平,也大于联合实验室条件下的研发（产量）水平。     

Vertical R&D Spillovers,Cooperation, Market Structure,and Innovation

This paper studies vertical R&D spillovers between upstream and downstream firms. The model incorporates two vertically related industries, with horizontal spillovers within each industry and vertical spillovers between the two industries. Four types of R&D cooperation are studied: no cooperation, horizontal cooperation, vertical cooperation, and simultaneous horizontal and vertical cooperation. Vertical spillovers always increase R&D and welfare, while horizontal spillovers may increase or decrease them. The comparison of cooperative settings in terms of R&D shows that no setting uniformly dominates the others. Which type of cooperation yields more R&D depends on horizontal and vertical spillovers, and market structure. The ranking of cooperative structures hinges on the signs and magnitudes of three "competitive externalities" (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal) which capture the effect of the R&D of a firm on the profits of other firms. One of the basic results of the strategic investment literature is that cooperation between competitors decreases R&D when horizontal spillovers are low; the model shows that this result does not necessarily hold when vertical spillovers are sufficiently high, and/or when horizontal cooperation is combined with vertical cooperation.     

溢出效应、R&D合作及政府补贴

为了纠正技术研发的负外部性(溢出效应),政府一般可以选择3种政策工具,即专利制度、R&D合作以及政府补贴。对厂商进行R&D合作和向厂商R&D提供补贴的情况进行了比较分析,发现:考虑3种博弈情况(即R&D竞争、R&D合作和垄断),当溢出率较小时,最优R&D补贴提高了R&D的水平、增加了研发产出和厂商利润。     

Does distance matter in spillover?1

Our aim in this paper is twofold: to find whether FDI causes horizontal or vertical productivity spillovers to domestically‐owned Hungarian manufacturing firms, and to see if distance matters in spillovers. For this exercise we use a large panel of Hungarian firms and different panel models. Consistently with previous research, at the country level, we find positive vertical spillovers but no evidence of positive horizontal spillovers. By taking distance into consideration, however, we find positive horizontal spillovers for domestic firms close to foreign‐owned firms. By constructing spillover measures weighted by distance, we find similar patterns. Our results underline the importance of labour market rigidity and the local nature of knowledge in the case of horizontal spillovers.     

Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic

This paper analyzes the impact of FDI on domestic firm entry and firm size distributions in the Czech Republic during 1994–2000. We find that larger foreign presence stimulates the entry of domestic firms within the same industry, indicating the existence of positive horizontal spillovers from FDI. We also find evidence of significant vertical entry spillovers—FDI in downstream (upstream) industries initiates entry in upstream (downstream) sectors. Our results also show that entry spillovers through vertical linkages are stronger than horizontal spillovers and that while service industries benefit from both horizontal and vertical spillovers, manufacturing industries do not experience significant positive entry spillovers of any kind. We also find that country of origin of FDI matters—horizontal spillovers are driven by FDI from the EU countries. The right skewness of the firm size distributions in industries without FDI further emphasizes an important role of FDI presence for overall industry dynamics.     

Impact of firm heterogeneity on direct and spillover effects of FDI: Micro-evidence from ten transition countries

This paper presents a comparative study of the importance of direct technology transfer and spillovers through FDI on a set of 10 transition countries, using a common methodology and appropriate methods to account for selection and simultaneity correction. This paper considers by far the largest firm level dataset (more than 90,000 firms) used by any study on the spillover effects of FDI. The main novelty of the paper is the explicit control for various sources of firm heterogeneity when accounting for different effects of FDI on firm performance. This work shows that the heterogeneity of firms in terms of absorptive capacity, size, productivity and technology levels affect the results. Controlling for these variables leads to some interesting results, which contrast with the previous empirical work in the field. We find that horizontal spillovers have become increasingly important over the last decade, and they may even become more important than vertical spillovers. Positive horizontal spillovers are equally distributed across size classes of firms, while negative horizontal spillovers seem to be more likely to accrue to smaller firms. Moreover, positive horizontal spillovers seem more likely to be present in medium or high productivity firms with higher absorptive capacities, while negative horizontal spillovers are more likely to affect low to medium productivity firms. These findings suggest that both direct effects from foreign ownership as well as the spillovers from foreign firms substantially depend on the absorptive capacity and productivity level of individual firms. In addition, these results show that foreign presence may also affect smaller firms to a larger extent than larger firms, but this impact may be in either direction.     

外部研发合作广度与新产品开发绩效：一个有调节的中介模型

基于企业外部合作伙伴分布广泛的特点,从外部研发合作广度的两个维度（市场广度和研究广度）出发,选取2010—2018年160家中国制造业上市企业数据,运用多元回归分析法探讨外部研发合作广度对企业新产品开发绩效的影响。结果表明,外部研发合作的市场广度和研究广度正向影响新产品开发绩效,其中,研究广度的作用更为显著;网络学习在外部研发合作广度对新产品开发绩效的影响机制中存在部分中介作用;知识库同质性正向调节外部研发合作广度与网络学习的关系。结论丰富了新产品开发绩效前因变量研究,对企业制定外部研发合作战略,提升新产品开发绩效具有重要管理启示。     

Export Spillovers of FDI on China's Domestic Firms

This paper examines the horizontal and vertical export spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) on China's manufacturing domestic firms by using firm‐level census data over the period of 2000–03. Based on a Heckman two‐step procedure combining first differencing and instrumental variable regression techniques, it is found that FDI has had a positive impact on the export value of domestic firms mainly through backward technology spillovers and a positive impact on the export‐to‐sales ratio of domestic firms through horizontal export‐related information spillovers. After decomposing FDI by different market orientation and domestic firms by different ownership, the paper finds that the positive impact on domestic firms' export values is mainly from the nonexporting and the exporting foreign‐invested enterprises while the positive impact on domestic firms' export‐to‐sales ratios is mainly from the high‐exporting foreign‐invested enterprises. Both types of export spillovers are mainly diffused to domestic non‐state‐owned enterprises.     

Multinational Production, Absorptive Capacity, and Endogenous R&D Spillovers

Do R&D spillovers have an impact on whether firms choose to go multinational or not? We present a three‐stage Cournot duopoly model, which identifies under what conditions firms choose to service a foreign market through exports or localized production. The establishment of a foreign subsidiary improves the ability to learn from foreign R&D since spillovers are strongly moderated by geographical distance. We explicitly model the concept of absorptive capacity, where gains from spillovers are determined by own R&D investments. With exogenous R&D investments, the absorptive capacity effect contributes to increase the gains from going multinational when the firm is R&D‐intensive. However, if R&D investments are endogenous, only medium‐sized absorptive capacity effects will result in firms going multinational. Furthermore, higher spillover rates do not necessarily drive down R&D and profits for the multinational firm. This stands in contrast to models that ignore absorptive capacity effects.     

The two ways of FDI R&D spillovers: evidence from the French manufacturing industry

Using French firm-level panel data, this study investigates R&D spillovers from inward foreign direct investment (FDI) with respect to both horizontal and vertical linkages (backward and forward). Using a Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse (CDM) model, we estimate an R&D-augmented Cobb–Douglas production function to assess the impact of R&D spillovers on firm performance. The results emphasize that international spillovers (from foreign affiliates to local firms) have a greater effect on firm performance than reverse spillovers (from local firms to foreign affiliates) and are more likely to be backward than forward. Moreover, the effect of backward spillovers depends on a firm’s absorptive capacity and is amplified in the case of outsourcing relationships.     

To innovate or to transfer?

FDI has been considered by many development economists as an important channel for transfer of technology to developing countries. It is suggested that modern, advanced technologies introduced by multinational firms can diffuse to domestic firms through spillovers. In this paper, we study innovation and technology transfer activities of domestic and foreign firms in Turkish manufacturing industries, and the impact of horizontal, vertical and labor spillovers on these activities. Our analysis shows that foreign firms are more innovative than their domestic counterparts, and transfer technology from abroad (mostly from their parent companies). Horizontal spillovers from foreign firms seem to be insignificant. The effects of foreign firms on technological activities of other firms in vertically related industries are ambiguous. High-tech suppliers tend to have a high rate of innovation when the share of foreign users is high, but the opposite is true for users: high-tech users supplied mainly by foreign firms tend to have a lower rate of innovation. Labor turnover is found to be the main channel of spillovers. Our findings reiterate the importance of tacitness of knowledge, and confirm that technology cannot easily be transferred through passive mechanisms.