总量均衡区间及其对宏观经济运行与调控的影响

市场经济条件下,供给方调整其生产规模所需的成本可称为调节成本.由于存在调节成本,传统分析中的总量均衡中心点两侧便分别存在着"低位临界点"与"高位临界点",这两点界定了一个特殊的"总量均衡区间".总量均衡区间的存在对宏观经济运行与调控有着多方面的影响,它使总量波动的形态发生了一定变化,使市场机制对总量平衡的调节作用进一步削弱,使现实经济运行中的总量失衡呈现出更为复杂多样的形态,使政府宏观调控的操作难度进一步增加.因此,应更新对总量失衡状态的理解,重视总量均衡区间及其影响,对区间内总量失衡进行专门而深入的研究.     

市场均衡就业区间与劳动市场运行特点的深层透视

市场经济条件下，厂商将其供给量调整到合理水平所需的费用可称为微观调节成本。由于存在这种特殊的经济运行费用，因而传统分析中宏观层面上的就业均衡点两侧便分别存在着“低位临界点”与“高位临界点”，这两点界定了一个“市场均衡就业区间”，社会就业一旦进入该区间，市场机制便不可能对其做出调节。     

市场均衡就业区间与劳动市场的“连续非出清”特性

市场经济条件下厂商将其供给量调整到合理水平所需的费用可称为微观调节成本。由于存在微观调节成本，传统分析中宏观层面上的就业均衡中心心两侧便分别存在着“低位临界点”与“高位临界点”，这两点界定一个“市场均衡就业区间”，社会就业一旦进入该区间，市场机制便不可能再对其作出调节。“市场均衡就业区间”的存在，使现代市场经济条件下的劳动市场成为一种特殊的“连续非出清市场”，其直观表现即经济运行中经常性地存在两个层面的就业失衡；根源于有效需求不足的 “需求短缺型失业”，与存在于市场均衡就业区间内部的“区间内就业失衡”。前者可通过实行各种扩张性经济政策予以消除，后者则一般需采取多种特殊政策措施方可有效应对，其中，积极扶持和促进个体经济发展对有效化解“区间内就业不足”，从而减轻就业压力具有独特作用，因而尤应引起高度重视。     

观点

宏观调控必须“适度超前”《财经研究》2005年第1期刊登了管怀鎏的文章《总量均衡区间与宏观调控效应时滞》。该文指出,传统供求函数确定的供需平衡点附近存在一个区间,当社会总产量进入该区间后,市场机制对产量变动就不再起作用,社会供求总量实际已达到一种均衡状态。由于该区     

对外开放是否导致银行业的风险上升？——基于外资持股比例与海外资产占比的实证检验

对外开放是否导致商业银行的风险上升,以往学者的研究结论并不统一。本文基于中国392家商业银行的微观数据,检验了“引进来”(用外资持股比例作为替代指标)与“走出去”(用海外资产占比作为替代指标)对商业银行风险承担行为的影响。结果显示,对外开放与商业银行的风险之间呈现非线性曲线特征并存在临界点;对中小型商业银行而言,过高的外资持股比例与过低的境外投资规模会带来风险;对大型商业银行而言,境外投资规模存在一个阈值区间,在阈值区间内,可能导致银行风险上升。政策建议是:外资参股中小型商业银行的比例可能不宜过高,鼓励中小型商业银行加大境外投资力度,大型商业银行可以根据特定时期的目标来调整对外开放策略,同时应强化风险预警与防范手段,在坚持与扩大银行业对外开放的背景下,实施宏观审慎原则,维护我国金融体系的整体稳定。     

基于市场风险缓释的利率市场化研究

利率市场化意味着金融调控由“价格管制、数量调控”向“放开价格、适度规模”转变,市场风险也将在可预见的时间内上升,并对系统性风险产生重要影响。本文构建了反映利率变化与市场风险变动关系的市场风险曲线,并利用DSGE模型模拟了利率变化对主要经济主体源自金融利益的福利水平的影响。结论认为:在当前存、贷款利率变动的有效区间,存款利率放开将对市场风险产生较大冲击,应慎重推进;利率区间管理偏离均衡水平,会加大利率波动对市场风险的影响;利率市场化通过资金成本、金融投资收益等金融利益变化改变经济主体的福利状况,从而将改革的风险成本分担到各经济主体;应建立与风险承担责任相匹配并促进经济主体风险自缓释的利率市场化制度安排。     

杠杆率、企业规模与企业创新

选取2010-2015年沪深A股上市公司的面板数据,借助门槛模型研究企业杠杆率与企业创新的关系。结果显示：杠杆率对企业创新有显著影响,存在既能促进创新同时降低风险的企业最优杠杆率区间,即当杠杆率处于9.3%~37.1%的范围时,杠杆率的提升能够最大地促进创新投入与创新产出,同时降低创新风险;但当前我国大部分企业并未达到增加创新产出与降低创新风险的最优均衡。同时,不同规模企业杠杆率与创新的关系具有差异性,大型企业促进创新且可规避风险的最优杠杆率的区间为杠杆率低于67.0%,中型企业为杠杆率低于22.5%,小型企业则是7.8%~17.0%的区间范围。应正确理解中央“去杠杆”政策,推进结构性去杠杆,力求在“降杠杆”和“促创新”之间达成最优平衡。     

处理好信贷资金营运中的几对矛盾

去年,由于经济过热,货币投放过多,信贷资金超负荷运行,因而出现了资金的严峻局面。今年上半年以来,贯彻执行了“控制总量,调整结构,保证重点,压缩一般,适时调节”的信贷方针,信贷资金形势有了一定的好转。一年多的实践,信贷资金在营运中由被动到主动,这其中的需要与可能、合理与合法、服务与监督三对矛盾,很值得进一步重新认识。     

资本项目开放、金融风险传导与危机临界点预测

本文研究资本项目开放中的金融风险在国内外的传导渠道,分析资本开放度与金融风险间的量化关系,对可能引发中国金融风险的资本流动临界点进行预测。研究结果表明,冲击中国金融稳定的资本开放度临界值接近50%(48.64%),资本流动总量临界值为35500亿美元。这说明中国资本项目开放的影响仍处于安全区间,存在进一步开放空间。因此,应坚持循序渐进放开资本项目,掌握人民币资本项目开放的主动权,维持人民币汇率变动的可控性和渐进性;同时,严格资本市场金融监管,特别是国际资本流动的监测和引导,审慎管理宏观金融,实现金融开放的稳定性。     

人民币均衡汇率再思考北大核心

本文回顾了均衡汇率决定理论,通过比较不同均衡汇率的估计方法,选择了行为均衡汇率(Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate, BEER)方法对当前人民币实际均衡汇率和实际汇率进行了偏差分析。本文的模型反映利差扩大、人均GDP增速抬升、财政收支稳定、贸易状况不确定性下降以及境外资本净回流本国将使实际汇率升值。本文所选样本期为2015年3月至2021年12月,所选样本期内多数时间阶段实际汇率与实际均衡汇率均存在不同程度的偏离情况。本文研究表明,自2020年6月至2021年12月以来,人民币存在一定程度的汇率偏差。2021年第4季度人民币实际均衡有效汇率区间为6.48—6.55,反映了人民币汇率仍处于合理均衡波动区间。考虑到国内经济结构和国际局势的日益复杂性,长期来看,未来为了更好地避免外生不确定性冲击对中国汇率的影响,坚持汇率制度改革将是长期必经之路。     

On Quality and Variety Bias in Aggregate Prices

How do product variety and quality affect the aggregate price bias? We develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the joint interaction of product quality and variety. Our findings show that the aggregate price bias is procyclical and the contribution of product variety is persistent whereas the contribution of product quality becomes countercyclical in the medium to long run. We show that accounting for product quality and variety has critical implications on the measure of cyclical fluctuations. Measurements of cyclical fluctuations derived using the consumption deflator, which abstracts from changes in product quality and variety, underestimate the variables' true volatility.     

Conditional Equity Premium and Aggregate Corporate Investment

We document a strong negative relation between aggregate corporate investment and conditional equity premium estimated from direct stock market risk measures. Consistent with the investment-based asset pricing model, the comovement with conditional equity premium fully accounts for aggregate investment's market return predictive power. Similarly, conditional equity premium is a significant determinant of classic Tobin's q measure, although q has much weaker explanatory power for aggregate investment possibly because of its measurement errors. Moreover, the positive relation between aggregate investment and investor sentiment documented in previous studies reflects the fact that both variables correlate closely with conditional equity premium.     

Interpreting Permanent Shocks to Output When Aggregate Demand May Not Be Neutral in the Long Run

This paper studies a popular statistical model of permanent and transitory shocks to output using a set of arguably more plausible structural assumptions. One way to structurally interpret the model is by assuming aggregate demand has no long‐run output effect. However, many economic theories are inconsistent with that assumption. Instead, we reinterpret the statistical model assuming a positive shock to aggregate supply lowers the price level and in the long run raises output while a positive shock to aggregate demand raises the price level. Under these assumptions, a puzzling finding from the empirical literature implies that a positive aggregate demand shock had a long‐run positive effect on output in pre–World War I economies.     

Capital Requirements,Monetary Policy,and Aggregate Bank Lending: Theory and Empirical Evidence

Capital requirements linked solely to credit risk are shown to increase equilibrium credit rationing and lower aggregate lending. The model predicts that the bank's decision to lend will cause an abnormal runup in the borrower's stock price and that this reaction will be greater the more capital-constrained the bank. I provide empirical support for this prediction. The model explains the recent inability of the Federal Reserve to stimulate bank lending by increasing the money supply. I show that increasing the money supply can either raise or lower lending when capital requirements are linked only to credit risk.     

The Time‐Varying Volatility of Earnings and Aggregate Consumption Growth

Time‐varying specifications for the conditional variance of earnings of U.S. households are estimated with micro data over the period 1968–92. The cross‐sectional mean of the estimated time‐varying uncertainty of individual households has a significant impact on aggregate consumption growth. As such, aggregate precautionary savings may be more important than what is suggested by the results of estimating standard regression equations for aggregate consumption growth that incorporate only lagged income growth and the real interest rate. The estimation of a buffer stock consumption model with time‐varying earnings uncertainty suggests that the precautionary savings motive is cyclical and has become less important in the 1980s.     

Individual and Aggregate Labor Supply with Coordinated Working Times

I analyze two extensions to the standard model of life‐cycle labor supply that feature operative choices along both the intensive and extensive margin. One assumes that individuals face continuous wage‐hours schedules, while the other assumes that all work must be coordinated across individuals. Though similar qualitatively, the two models have very different implications for aggregate labor supply responses to tax policy. In the first model, curvature in the individual utility from leisure function plays relatively little role, but in the second model, it is of first‐order importance. The second model also has important implications for what data are best able to provide evidence on the extent of curvature in the utility from leisure function.     

Firm Microstructure and Aggregate Productivity

Models of firm microstructure are becoming now a standard building block in macroeconomics, trade, and development. This literature builds on the recognition that firm heterogeneity and the allocation of resources across firms plays a key role in determining aggregate productivity and the gains from trade. Barriers to the efficient allocation of resources across firms have been recently recognized to play a key role in economic development. This paper focuses on this methodological contribution, the link between firm microstructure and economic aggregates.     

Aggregate Investment Externalities and Macroprudential Regulation

Evidence suggests that banks tend to lend a lot during booms and very little during recessions. We propose a simple explanation for this phenomenon. We show that instead of dampening productivity shocks, the banking sector tends to exacerbate them, leading to excessive fluctuations of bank credit, output, and asset prices. Our explanation relies on three ingredients that are characteristic of modern banks’ activities: moral hazard, high exposure to aggregate shocks, and the ease with which capital can be reallocated to its most productive use. At the competitive equilibrium, banks offer privately optimal contracts to their investors, but these contracts are not socially optimal: banks reallocate capital excessively upon aggregate shocks. This is because banks do not internalize the impact of their decisions on asset prices. We examine the efficacy of possible policy responses to these properties of credit markets, and derive a rationale for macroprudential regulation in the spirit of a Net Stable Funding Ratio.     

Aggregate implications of indivisible labor, incomplete markets, and labor market frictions

We study the impact of tax and transfer programs on steady-state allocations in a model with search frictions, an operative labor supply margin, and incomplete markets. In a benchmark model that has indivisible labor and incomplete markets but no trading frictions we show that the aggregate effects of taxes are identical to those in the economy with employment lotteries, though individual employment and asset dynamics can be different. The effect of frictions on the response of aggregate hours to a permanent tax change is highly nonlinear. There is considerable scope for substitution between “voluntary” and “frictional” nonemployment in some situations.     

Monetary Policy and Price Responsiveness to Aggregate Shocks under Rational Inattention

This paper studies a general equilibrium model that is consistent with recent empirical evidence showing that the U.S. price level and inflation are much more responsive to aggregate technology shocks than to monetary policy shocks. Specifically, we show that the fact that aggregate technology shocks are more volatile than monetary policy shocks induces firms to pay more attention to the former than to the latter. However, most important, this work adds to the literature by analytically showing how monetary policy feedback rules affect the incentives faced by firms in allocating attention. A policy rule responding more actively to inflation fluctuations induces firms to pay relatively more attention to more volatile shocks, helping to rationalize the observed behavior of prices in response to technology and monetary policy shocks.