基于空间模型的生产性服务业集聚与经济增长关系研究

应用生产函数以及空间计量模型,实证分析了我国2009—2011年生产性服务业集聚与经济增长的关系。结果显示：各经济指标存在显著的空间集聚特征;生产性服务业对经济增长的拉动作用明显,在省域上呈现出较强的经济资源竞争关系,在空间溢出效应方面,商务业与交通运输业对经济增长的正向溢出效应显著,而信息业有较弱的负向溢出效应。政府应关注生产性服务业空间集聚对经济增长的各项影响,加大知识创新以提升该行业效率,增强生产性服务业经济溢出的转化能力,拓展生产性服务业应用领域以及加强区域经济合作等。     

中国制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间效应分析

研究目标：分析中国制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间效应。研究方法：从产业空间分布的产业地理集中与产业集聚角度测度制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚指数,通过空间计量模型分析制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间相关和溢出效应。研究发现：制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚空间相关程度整体不高,协同集聚具有空间溢出效应和空间反馈机制;知识溢出、技术创新与层级分工程度对制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚有正向的影响。研究创新：构建产业协同集聚指数,利用两区制空间自回归模型分析协同集聚的非对称效应。研究价值：提高协同集聚跨区域合作能力和渗透力以缓解区域差距。     

生产性服务业集聚促进了地区劳动生产率吗？

经济新常态下,推进生产性服务业集聚已成为推动中国产业结构优化调整、促进经济提质增效升级的重要措施。然而,集聚效应具有动态性特征,即随着集聚程度的上升,集聚效应的大小及作用方向都会随之变化,这为相关政策的合理制定提出了难题。生产性服务业集聚是否能显著改善生产率？其空间差异、动态规律以及约束机制如何？为了解答上述问题,本文利用中国2003~2013年30个省份面板数据,研究生产性服务业集聚对劳动生产率的影响。结果表明,生产性服务业集聚能显著提升劳动生产率,但集聚效应存在明显的空间差异,仅促进了东部和西部地区劳动生产率;运用面板门槛模型研究发现,生产性服务业集聚对劳动生产率有着显著的正向边际效率递减的非线性动态影响,而积极实施“走出去”“引进来”的对外开放战略,可有效破解边际效率递减规律的约束,但这种非线性集聚效应亦呈现显著的空间异质性。     

生产性服务业集聚、空间溢出与制造业绿色创新

基于邻接空间、地理距离和经济距离三类权重矩阵，以空间杜宾模型考察生产性服务业集聚对制造业绿色创新的影响及空间溢出效应。研究结果表明，生产性服务业集聚可有效带动本省制造业绿色创新，但会抑制邻省制造业绿色创新。生产性服务业集聚对制造业绿色创新影响的空间溢出效应在邻接空间、地理距离、经济距离下存在明显差异，其中地理邻近地区更显著。多维度空间效应分解结果显示，生产性服务业集聚对制造业绿色创新的直接效应在地理距离权重矩阵下呈“梯度递减分布”特征。数字化产业发达省份的生产性服务集聚对邻省制造业绿色创新具有较强“虹吸效应”，不利于整体制造业绿色创新发展。是以，未来应优化生产性服务业集聚发展环境，施行区域差异化产业发展策略，加快推进制造业绿色转型升级。     

外部性对生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚的影响——以天津市为例

以天津市为例,通过实证分析得出外部性理论的三大集聚因子显著地影响生产性服务业与制造业在空间上的协同集聚的结论。其中,中间投入品的共享和知识溢出效应吸引两大产业部门在空间上邻近分布,而劳动力池的共享并没有发挥正向的促进作用,反而有显著的挤出效应。另外,资本密集型和技术密集型制造业部门趋向于与生产性服务业部门在空间上邻近分布,而劳动密集型和能源依赖型制造业部门在空间布局时主要受劳动力市场、能源等因素影响,对邻近生产性服务业部门布局的必要性较弱。     

生产性服务业集聚对制造业企业全要素生产率提升研究

研究目标：考察城市生产性服务业空间集聚对微观制造业企业生产效率提升的影响。研究方法：采用OP方法测度了制造业企业生产率,采用面板模型和工具变量法进行了实证检验。研究发现：相对于专业化集聚,生产性服务业多样化集聚对城市制造业企业全要素生产率提升效果更明显;低端生产性服务业空间集聚对制造业企业生产率的提升作用更加显著;城市生产性服务业空间集聚对国有制造业企业效率提升的作用大于非国有企业;生产性服务业空间集聚对中小城市企业全要素生产率的提升作用效果不明显。研究创新：将空间集聚外溢效应的衰减指数纳入城市生产性服务业空间集聚指标设定之中,考察了不同城市规模和产业层级下生产性服务业空间集聚对微观企业生产效率的差异性影响。研究价值：为企业全要素生产率提升的供给侧改革提供了一个新的视角。     

中国生产性服务业集聚的空间效应研究——基于空间面板数据模型

通过选择中国31个省、自治区和直辖市的生产性服务业的数据,通过估算莫兰指数I,进而构建空间面板数据模型,研究生产性服务业在省域空间内的集聚度和生产性服务业内各行业对经济增长的贡献。研究结果显示,生产性服务业各项变量存在着明显的空间集聚效应,在空间方面显示出了一定的经济资源竞争关系。在对经济增长的贡献方面,批发零售、交通运输、仓储与邮政业对经济增长的拉动作用最为明显,而金融业受危机影响作用略为减弱,房地产业则作用最小。     

生产性服务业集聚的空间效应研究———基于空间面板数据模型

通过选择中国３１个省、自治区和直辖市的生产性服务业的数据,通过估算莫兰指数Ｉ,进而构建空间面板数据模型,研究生产性服务业在省域空间内的集聚度和生产性服务业内各行业对经济增长的贡献。研究结果显示,生产性服务业各项变量存在着明显的空间集聚效应,在空间方面显示出了一定的经济资源竞争关系。在对经济增长的贡献方面,批发零售、交通运输、仓储与邮政业对经济增长的拉动作用最为明显,而金融业受危机影响作用略为减弱,房地产业则作用最小。     

高技术制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚对经济韧性的影响研究：理论机制与实证检验

在测算2010～2020年中国30个省份经济韧性水平的基础上，实证检验高技术制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚对经济韧性的影响。研究表明：整体而言，协同集聚能够显著提升经济韧性水平；分维度看，协同集聚对抵御力和恢复力的提升作用显著。异质性研究表明，协同集聚对中西部地区经济韧性的提升作用强于东部地区，高技术制造业与低端生产性服务业协同集聚对经济韧性的作用强于高技术制造业与高端生产性服务业协同集聚。分位数回归结果显示，协同集聚对经济韧性的影响呈N型变化趋势。同时，提升人力资本是协同集聚提升经济韧性的重要路径。鉴于此，应提高协同集聚质量，促进高技术制造业与高端生产性服务业深度融合，制定差异化区域政策，强化协同集聚对经济韧性的提升作用。     

“双轮驱动”：生产性服务业与制造业的协调发展

生产性服务业是现代服务业中最具活力的部门,按照经济发展的一般规律和趋势,生产性服务业属于快速发展的行业,其发展速度会超过制造业,即便是制造业增加值和就业比重不断下降情况下,生产性服务业增加值和就业比重也会呈现上升趋势。但是,在我国经济运行中,生产性服务业与制造业相比却相对滞后,出现了生产性服务业与制造业“一腿长,一腿短”。本文认为,生产性服务业与制造业的协调发展不仅是现代经济发展的客观走势,而且是经济增长的两个轮子。生产性服务业与制造业的协调发展有利于经济增长方式的调整,对提高我国经济的运行质量具有积极的推动作用。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.