贸易结算货币的新选择:稳定的篮子货币——对“金砖五国”货币合作的探讨

文章研究"金砖五国"货币合作的可能形式,构建了稳定的篮子货币作为贸易结算货币,为货币合作提供政策建议。文章首先考察了汇率之间的关系,认为一种货币的加权几何平均汇率能够消除不同货币表示币值的差异,在此基础上构建了篮子货币指数;其次研究了篮子货币波动最小的货币权重的选取,通过最优化方法获得最优权重;最后模拟计算了"金砖五国"篮子货币的权重,并探讨了如何把篮子货币最优权重转化为具体的货币篮子,同时给出了篮子货币和各国货币之间的汇率关系。     

人民币货币篮子的构成及协整分析

将贸易额标准、外商投资标准、贸易结构相似性标准以及汇率波动率标准作为一套指标体系用于综合判断如何确定篮子中的币种,并根据这一指标体系确定人民币所参考的货币篮子中应放入日元、美元、欧元、韩元、新台币、新加坡元、英镑、卢布、澳元、泰铢、加元,共计11种货币.为检验这11种货币组成货币篮子的合理性,建立VAR模型对人民币与上述11种货币的汇率进行协整检验,结果证实了上述货币之间具有协整关系(即长期均衡关系),适合于组成货币篮子.     

钉住货币篮子汇率制度在中国应用的研究

主要研究货币篮子的定义,如何确定货币篮子的最优权重,并在此基础上运用协整检验的方法实证分析了我国自2005年7月汇率改革以来人民币货币篮子的运行情况。实证的结果表明,在我们所考察的样本区间内,当人民币篮子货币对美元实际汇率贬值(或升值)1%时,人民币对美元的实际汇率只贬值(或升值)0.32%,表明美元在人民币货币篮子中所占权重较大,人民币对美元的汇率仍缺乏弹性。     

人民币参考篮子货币的测定与实证分析

自2005年7月21日起,我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。那么,篮子货币的构成如何,已成为国际社会关注的焦点。文章借鉴东南亚发展中国家汇率制度的变迁经验,联系我国的实际情况,采用协整理论以及基于VAR的Granger因果关系检验方法,构造了一种参考货币篮子。建议以美元(USD)、日元(JPY)、欧元(EUR)、港元(HKD)、韩元(KRW)、台湾元(TWD)、英镑(GBP)和澳元(AUD)等8种货币为篮子货币。实证结果显示:篮子货币汇率均为人民币实际有效汇率的Granger原因,它们与人民币实际有效汇率之间存在长期的协整关系。人民币汇率转向参考一篮子货币汇率较单一钉住美元具有很好的弹性。文章还针对稳定贸易为目标的政策选择,计算了篮子货币的最优权重。最后,基于我国的实际汇率数据,构建了人民币参考一篮子汇率模型,分析了参考一篮子汇率制的制度优势。     

亚洲汇率制度的危机及启示

东南亚及东亚发展中国家和地区自卷入金融危机以来,不断招致其汇率制度败的批评。危机前,泰国、马来西亚行的是钉住自己组合的货币篮子的率制度,印尼、韩国及新加坡原本实行弹性制的管理浮动,菲律宾已实行汇率的独立浮动,但实际上这些国家的货币却与美元保持了长期固...     

中国货币需求稳定性的实证研究--基于1994-2005年的协整分析

本文以经济改革和金融发展为背景,从经典货币需求理论分析出发,运用协整检验和误差校正模型对我国货币需求的稳定性问题展开研究.分析结果显示,货币需求、国民收入、利率和通货膨胀率之间存在协整关系;我国货币需求主要受收入因素影响而呈现出长期稳定性特征,长期稳定的货币需求对其即期增长的抑制作用不明显,货币需求函数表现出高收入弹性和低利率弹性,而利率的外生性削弱了货币需求对利率的调节作用;基于VEC模型的短期Granger因果检验,支持货币量、利率和货币政策最终目标之间短期均衡关系的存在.     

中国货币需求:资产价格及政策含义

货币需求是被理论界和政策制定者长期关注的重要理论和实践问题,是货币政策决策的一个重要参考变量。货币需求的长期均衡和短期均衡关系反映了收入水平、利率、消费价格水平以及资产价格水平和货币需求之间的重要关系。这些关系也是确定货币政策时所需要考虑的重要内容。本文对中国的长期货币需求和短期货币需求1985~2010年年度数据进行了协整和误差修正模型分析。结果发现:资产价格(房地产价格水平)对货币数量在长期和短期都有着十分重要的影响;利率水平在长期仍是货币需求的重要影响因素;消费价格的长期货币需求弹性较低,短期和货币需求没有关系;当货币数量失衡时,向长期均衡进行调整的速度很慢。由此,中国的货币政策在中介指标、操作指标以及货币政策工具等方面都需要做出适当的调整。     

货币供给与经济发展关系的实证分析

本文采用协整理论对1993至2006年我国的货币供给量(M1)与表征我国宏观经济发展的各指标(GDP、CPI、FER、FAI)进行了平稳性分析、协整检验和Granger因果关系分析,得出结论货币供给与物价和产出之间都存在显著的长期协整关系,这些变量组之间都存在稳定的长期均衡关系,中央银行可以根据均衡关系适当调节货币供给增量和存量以控制国家的通货膨胀与通货膨胀预期.     

日元与人民币:区域内货币合作抑或货币竞争

针对日元与人民币的关系问题,笔者研究发现:(1)日元与人民币现阶段都无法成为区域内锚货币,两者尚未具备区域内货币竞争的条件;(2)中日两国产业结构差异和贸易互补性使得两国货币竞争没有必要;(3)货币危机和中日双边贸易发展内在地推动两国加强区域内货币合作;(4)日本对华贸易与人民币汇率之间没有长期稳定的协整关系.据此,仅从经济和金融角度考虑,推进日元与人民币区域内货币合作而非货币竞争对中日双方都是有利的.     

人民币篮子货币的实证研究

完全的固定汇率制和浮动汇率制在近中期不符合中国的情况，中国可采用参考一篮子货币的汇率制度，其关键就是如何赋予篮子货币中每种货币的具体权重，众多文献都将贸易差额的稳定作为货币篮子权重的选择目标。本文将相对生产率进步指标纳入权重的计算，既吸收了篮子货币的优点，又能规避非汇率对实体经济的冲击，能有效推迟当局入市干预的时机，减少成本，并能主动调整内外均衡。     

Choice of currency basket weights and its implications on trade balance

This paper seeks to find an optimal choice of currency basket weights for emerging economies that peg their currencies to a currency basket, and to examine the long-run relationship between the real exchange rates of a group of trading partners. A general equilibrium model is set up to establish an optimal set of currency basket weights, coupled with the choice of fiscal policy, to simultaneously stabilize trade balance and aggregate price level of an economy. This optimal set of weights is a weighted average of two sets of weights; each targets at one policy goal (stabilizing either balance of trade or aggregate price level) at a time. Empirical studies including vector autoregression (VAR) analysis and cointegration analysis on the long-run relationship between the Thai baht and the real exchange rates of its major trading partners are presented.     

A stable demand for money despite financial crisis: the case of Venezuela

The demand for broad money in Venezuela is investigated over a period of financial crisis and substantial exchange rate fluctuations. The analysis shows that there exist a long-run relationship between real money, real income, inflation, the exchange rate and an interest rate differential, that remains stable over major policy changes and large shocks. The long-run properties emphasize that both inflation and exchange rate depreciations have negative effects on real money demand, whereas a higher interest rate differential has positive effects. The long-run relationship is finally embedded in a dynamic equilibrium correction model with constant parameters. These results have implications for a policy-maker. In particular, they emphasize that with a high degree of currency substitution in Venezuela, monetary aggregates will be very sensitive to changes in the economic environment.     

The U.S. trade imbalance and real exchange rate: An application of the heterogeneous panel cointegration method

The United States economy suffers from persistent trade deficits, arising from the so-called ‘global external imbalance’. Can the depreciation of the US dollar improve this phenomenon? This study for the first time applies the heterogeneous panel cointegration method to examine the long-run relationship between the real exchange rate and bilateral trade balance of the U.S. and her 97 trading partners for the period 1973–2006. Using new annual data, the empirical results indicate that the devaluation of the US dollar deteriorates her bilateral trade balance with 13 trading partners, but improves it with 37 trading partners, especially for China. In the panel cointegrated framework, a long-run negative relationship between the real exchange rate and the bilateral trade balance exists for the U.S.     

Time-varying regional integration of stock markets in Southeast Europe

In an attempt to assess the impact of currency depreciation on the trade balance, recent studies are employing disaggregated trade data to avoid aggregation bias. However, since import and export prices are not available at disaggregated level, recent studies are using export and import values rather than their volumes so that they can establish direct relation between inpayments and the exchange rate as well as between outpayments and the exchange rate. This study explores the experience of Malaysia. Bilateral inpayments and outpayments models are estimated between Malaysia and her 14 trading partners using quarterly data and bound testing approach to cointegration. The results show that while real depreciation of the ringgit has short-run effects, in the long-run it increases Malaysia's inpayments from only five trading partners.     

The demand for money and the real exchange rate misalignments in emerging European countries: A nonlinear approach

This paper investigates the extent to which domestic and foreign money balances in emerging European countries are influenced by foreign exchange considerations. A well-specified and stable relationship between real money demand and the exchange rate can be perceived as an important part of a successful monetary policy. This study examines the long-run determinants of real exchange rates (RERs) associated with the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach and identifies currency misalignments in these countries. The misalignment is later used to test the nonlinear behavior of the demand for money. The results indicate that the RER misalignments have a significant impact on domestic money demand. When the currencies are overvalued, there is a reduction in domestic money demand, and when they are undervalued, there is an increase in domestic money demand. Furthermore, it can be concluded that overvaluation causes an increase in foreign money demand indicating a shift of preference from domestic to foreign currency.     

Remittances and the real effective exchange rate

We examine the long-run relationship between remittances and the real exchange rate for less-developed countries. In a key departure from the literature, we employ a panel cointegration approach using an innovative method for the measurement of the multilateral real effective exchange rate and we focus on high-remittance economies. We find a small inelastic, but significant, long-run relationship which confirms a Dutch disease type effect. The short-run relationship is explored using a panel vector error correction model which confirms that short-run causality is unidirectional running from remittances to the exchange rate. Potential asymmetries in this relationship are identified using quantile regression analysis.     

Inflationary Expectations, Variable Output, and Exchange-Rate Dynamics

This paper develops a model of exchange-rate dynamics characterized by inflationary expectations held with perfect foresight, sticky wages, and sluggish output adjustment. In this framework monetary expansion initially lowers interest rates because of sluggish output and price adjustment but quite surprisingly produces exchange-rate overshooting or undershooting. Moreover, after its initial depreciation in the overshooting case, the domestic currency temporarily appreciates beyond its new long-run equilibrium level. In the undershooting case, the home currency temporarily appreciates away from its new long-run equilibrium level. Finally, the dynamic real exchange rate-real interest rate relationship at times becomes inverse.     

基于货币需求的货币替代研究——以台湾为例

台湾曾经是日本的殖民地,且因地理位置的关系,所以日本一直都是台湾的主要贸易国家,以致于长期对台湾货币体系及外汇市场的影响力不亚于美国。然而过去对于台湾货币需求的研究,多半以美国作为主要对象国家来研究。现如今民众可多元地持有国际性资产,单一探讨美国的影响或许不够全面。本文根据1985-2008年的资料,研究美国和日本的货币性冲击对台湾货币需求的影响。首先通过台湾对美、日的贸易比重,编制有效汇率和有效利率,作为衡量来自两国货币性冲击的依据。其次以向量误差修正模型进行分析,找出台湾货币需求的长期均衡关系,发现台湾的货币需求与本国产出、本国利率、美日两国有效利率及有效汇率等存在显著长期均衡关系。简言之,台湾货币体系对来自美国和日本的干扰因素,具有高度的敏感性。     

Nonlinear adjustment of the real exchange rate towards its equilibrium value: A panel smooth transition error correction modelling

We study the nonlinear dynamics of the real exchange rate towards its behavioral equilibrium value (BEER) using a Panel Smooth Transition Regression model framework. We show that the real exchange rate convergence process in the long-run is characterized by nonlinearities for emerging economies, whereas industrialized countries exhibit a linear pattern. Moreover, there exists an asymmetric behavior of the real exchange rate when facing an over- or an undervaluation of the domestic currency. Finally, our results suggest that the real exchange rate may be unable to unwind alone global imbalances.     

Time-Series Support for Balassa's Productivity-Bias Hypothesis: Evidence from Korea

In this paper we use the Johansen and Juselius cointegration technique and quarterly data over the period 1979–1993 to test the productivity-bias hypothesis between Korea and four of its major trading partners (Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The results show that in all four cases the deviation of purchasing-power parity (PPP) from the equilibrium exchange rate has a long-run relationship with the productivity ratios, supporting the notion that as Korea becomes relatively more productive, the Korean won appreciates in real terms.