安徽省农业生态经济系统能值分析

［目的］生态系统通过物质循环和能量流动得以正常运转，研究安徽省农业生态经济系统的能值效率，以期为今后系统的可持续发展提供切实有效的建议。［方法］运用能值分析法，系统分析了2012—2016年安徽省农业生态系统的能值投入和能值产出，并选用能值投入率、能值自给率、环境负载率和能值可持续发展指数4项指标评价能值效率。［结果］2012—2016年，安徽省农业生态经济系统总投入能值波动不大，不可辅助能值呈上升趋势。可更新能值占总能值投入的比重较高，在可更新能值中，劳动力能值占比为9963%。能值产出中，畜牧业所占比重最高，其次为渔业和种植业。2013—2016年，安徽省农业生态经济系统的能值投入率和环境负载率逐年递减，环境负载率高于全国平均水平。能值自给率和能值可持续发展指数逐年递增。［结论］该阶段农业生态经济的发展水平较为落后，经济的发展依赖于自然环境，但对环境的利用程度较低，属于消费型经济系统，农业的发展有赖于劳动力的投入，今后应充分利用资源环境优势，以环境保护为前提，依靠科学技术而不是劳动力投入来提高农业的发展水平，促进农业生态系统的可持续发展。     

基于能值理论的乌鲁木齐市农业现状与发展策略

应用能值分析的理论与方法判定乌鲁木齐市农业生态系统的现状和影响该系统可持续发展的障碍;该系统目前处于现代石油农业的形成初期,能值投入中以水资源为主的环境能值和工业辅助能值投入较大;牧业能值产出较大,系统生产优势度明显,但各生产系统这之间的耦合力仍需加强。该系统的能值产出率较高,但是以大量低价水资源能值为代价的;系统可持续发展指数表明：1990年代。该市农业可持续发展能力主要呈下降趋势,2000年后有所回升,主要受工业辅助能投入和农业产业结构调整的影响。提出优化能值投入结构、调整农业产出结构、实现各级生产力的最大程度耦合、保持山区生态稳定和严控“三废”流入等建议。     

农业生态经济系统能值及可持续发展分析

能值分析是指通过能值相关理论及原理的分析得出一系列反映农业生态经济系统的能值指标体系,借此可深入分析系统的环境容纳能力、能值效率、生态经济效益,系统结构功能特征及可持续发展能力,对更好的发展农村解决有重要意义。文章通过对相关文献的梳理和归纳,从可持续发展角度探讨国内农村生态系统能值发展状况,研究我国农业生态系统的能值投入,针对国内农业生态经济进步的现状客观评价该系统可持续发展状况。结果表明:当前农业生态发展迅速,但就农业生态经济系统的能值研究方面,在资料收集、理论不足等方面依然需要改进。并提出严控人口数量、科学开发后续土地资源、改善土地运用构成、增强可更新环境资源运用效率等对策与建议,以期能为政府决策提供科学依据,助力于社会经济的全方位进步及农业的有效转型。     

基于能值分析的河南省耕地生态经济系统可持续利用研究

该文运用能值理论及分析方法,建立河南省耕地生态经济系统的评价指标体系,选取了净能值产出率、环境承载率、系统生产优势度、系统稳定性指数及可持续发展性能指数等5个主要指标,对耕地生态经济系统的能值投入产出结构和可持续发展状况进行了评价。结果表明:河南省耕地系统的净能值产出率为1.51,高于全国平均水平,农产品有一定竞争力;环境承载率为68.9,表明系统环境压力较大;系统生产优势度和系统稳定性指数分别为0.64和0.54,说明优势度提高的同时系统的稳定性指数却并不高,系统自控、调节、反馈作用减弱;可持续发展性能指数0.055,反映出该省耕地系统已处于不可持续发展状态。因此,应调整目前的农业发展模式,优化投入结构,转变经济增长方式;大力引进外部能值,充分利用外部资源,缓解本区域的资源压力;依托农业高新技术,加强对可更新辅助能的利用强度,发展绿色产业,减轻对耕地系统的环境压力,实现耕地系统的可持续利用。     

农业生态系统中工业辅助能经济能值投入分析——以走马街镇为例

将能值理论引入到投入产出模型之中,构建农业经济能值投入产出模型,分析了走马街镇农业生态系统中工业辅助能经济能值的完全投入情况。该地区的农业处于粗放型阶段,机械化程度低,对于人力的依赖较大,对化肥、精饲料等促生产、高污染产品的投入较高。要促进该地区农业的可持续发展,应减少化肥的使用,以绿肥、有机肥为主,提高机械化水平。     

酵素菌技术与农业可持续发展

<正>社会主义新农村建设必须坚持走可持续发展的道路,必须处理好农业经济增长与资源利用、生态环境保护的关系,这样才能确保农业资源的持续有效利用和生态安全,实现农业的可持续发展。随着农村经济快速增长,农作物秸秆、畜禽粪便等固体废弃物数量不断增加,农村生态环境有进一步恶化趋势。同样,在水产养殖业,由于追求产量及收益的最大化,化肥和饲料的投入,也逐年增加,这些     

林业生态经济系统能值分析指标体系构建

现行的度量方法很难有效地解决环境和资源在经济体系中的价值问题,现尝试运用能值分析方法来解决此类问题。在对林业生态经济系统发展规律充分认识的基础上,按照能值指标体系构建的基本原则,借鉴已有的能值分析指标,阐述林业生态经济系统能值指标体系的基本构架,包括能值投入分析指标,能值产出分析指标,林业生态经济系统基本能值指标体系。提出可持续发展的能值指数,为林业生态经济系统的可持续发展状况研究提供了一种新的视野。     

基于能值的沂蒙山区农业生态系统发展评价及退耕还林损益分析

应用能值分析理论与方法、情景模拟方法,定量分析了临沂市2001～2010年农业生态经济系统的投入产出状况、运行效率和环境负荷,揭示临沂市农业生态系统的能值演替的基本趋势,揭示了系统内种植业、牧业、林业、渔业各组分的构成情况及其发展趋势,测算了临沂市2002～2010年的退耕还林效益。结果显示：临沂市2010年农业总投入能值为1.18E+22sej,总产出能值为688E 22sej,可持续发展指数为105;临沂市2001～2010年农业总投入能值呈下降趋势,农业总产出能值呈上升趋势,可持续发展指数呈上升趋势;退耕还林后与退耕前相比,每年能值净增量为105E 19sej/年。结果表明临沂市需要调整农业生态经济结构,增加水产业、畜牧业、林业所占比例;种植业生产应提高农业机械化水平,减少劳动力投入,减少化肥投入量,加大有机肥施用量,提高农业生产技术含量;将需要退耕的941万hm2坡耕地尽快还林,减少能值损失。     

徐州耕地生态经济系统结构、功能及可持续性能评价

研究目的:评价1990—2006年徐州耕地生态经济系统运行及可持续性能状况。研究方法:能值理论和方法。研究结果:(1)提出基于能值的"粮经比",衡量农村产业结构调整程度,徐州耕地生态经济系统基于能值的"粮经比"已由72∶28调整为48∶52;(2)不断增长的工业辅助能投入(电力、燃料、机械、农药、化肥)未能提高系统的净能值产出率,却在持续增加系统的环境负载率;(3)随着产业结构调整,系统内粮食作物和经济作物的能值产出结构趋于平衡、合理,系统的自稳定性逐渐增强;(4)系统的可持续性能很弱,且呈下降趋势。研究结论:基于能值的徐州耕地生态经济系统产出率和可持续性能不高,应实现由"石油农业"向生态农业的转变。     

农业科技投入对经济增长影响的脉冲响应分析

随着农村劳动力向城市转移和耕地的不断减少,提高农业对经济增长贡献只有依靠技术的不断进步.只有不断加大财政农业科技的投入,才能实现农业的长期可持续发展,才能推动国民经济的健康发展.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.