"中国通信业反倾销第一案"启示录

2005年1月1日零点零分,耗时半年之久的“光纤反倾销案”终于谢幕,商务郡对历时18个月之久的光纤反倾销案做出最终裁定:在本案调查期内,原产于美国、日本、韩国的进口非色散位移单模光纤存在侦销,被调查产品对中国国内非色散位移单模光纤产业造成了实质损害,且倾销与实质损害之间存在因果关系。为此,商务部决定自2005年1月1日起,对原产于上述三国的进口被调查产品征收7%-46%不等的反倾销税,限期五年。与初裁倾销幅度相比,终裁结果有些出人意料:业内最为关注的美国康宁公司——全球光纤第一巨头的倾销幅度从初裁的16%下降到终裁的1.51%,属于微量倾销幅度,免于征收反倾销税。韩国株式会社OPTOMAGIC公司的倾销幅度也有初裁的32%下降到终裁的13%。而美日韩其他公司的终裁倾销幅度则基本与初裁结果持平。尽管被调查对象美国康宁公司的行销幅度从初裁的16%下降到1.51%,多少让国内光纤企业感到意外和不满,但无论如何,被业内人士称为“中国通信业反倾销第一案”和“2005年中国反倾销第一案”的光华反倾销案在历经一年半的博弈之后,终于尘埃落定,以我方的胜利告终。     

中国虾反倾销案:终裁税率比初裁高

(本刊讯)11月30日,美国商务部公布了对中国虾反倾销案的终裁结果,宣布最终裁定中国对美国的虾产品出口存在倾销行为,决定维持今年7月作出的初步裁定,对从中国进口的虾征收惩罚性关税。根据最终裁定,美国将对从中国进口的冷冻及罐装暖水虾征收27.89%至112.81%的反倾销税。根据7月份的初步裁定,美国对中国出口虾征收7.67%至112.81%的关税,与初步裁定相比,最终裁定提高了对中国出口虾产品征收的最低税率。该裁定称,中国虾生产和出口企业被认定向美国市场进行了低于公平价值的销售。4家被抽样调查的企业中,除1家企业的倾销幅度为0.07%而不认为是…     

“中国通信业反倾销第一案”启示录

2005年1月1日零点零分，耗时半年之久的“光纤反倾销案”终于谢幕，商务部对历时18个月之久的光纤反倾销案做出最终裁定：在本案调查期内，原产于美国、日本、韩国的进口非色散位移单模光纤存在倾销，被调查产品对中国国内非色散位移单模光纤产业造成了实质损害，且倾销与实质损害之间存在因果关系。为此，商务部决定自2005年1月1日起，对原产于上述三国的进口被调查产品征收7％～46％不等的反倾销税，限期五年。     

反倾销会计在我国家具出口贸易战中的应用

我国家具产品凭借自身的价格优势和优良的产品质量近年来在美国家具市场上占据主要地位。在我国的林业系统中,家具出口占据出口产业前列。以我国家具出口为对象,分析中美贸易战给我国家具出口贸易带来的影响,并运用反倾销会计应对反倾调查。向相关企业提出了使用反倾销预警等建议,促使我国家具出口行业在此次中美贸易战中保护自身利益以及更好地发展。     

草甘膦输欧前景不明

浙江新安化工日前完胜欧盟草甘膦反倾销案的消息令人振奋。其实，早在此大捷前的1个多月，5月14日，中国草甘膦行业已经迎来欧委会决定“暂停9个月征收中国该产品反倾销税”的实质性进步。     

中国频遭反倾销的原因及对策

根据W TO《反倾销协议》,如果在正常贸易中,一项产品从一国出口至另一国,该产品的出口价格低于在其本国内消费相同产品的可比价格,亦即以低于其正常的价值进入另一国的商业渠道,则该产品将被认为是倾销。反倾销是指进口国为了保护本国产业而对出口国的产品采取的征收反倾销税等     

中国对外反倾销对本国农产品出口的影响分析

对外反倾销不但对中国农产品具有保护效应,而且还会促进国内相关农产品的出口,存在出口效应。这一推理可以通过利用2004—2013年世界银行反倾销数据库(TTBD)、联合国商品贸易数据库(UNCD)与中国商务部对外贸易司的农产品出口数据进行实证验证。验证结果表明,对外反倾销措施在短期内对发起国涉案农产品的出口存在抑制效应;而在长期内,随着反倾销税的征收对国内市场的贸易保护效果逐步显现,对外反倾销措施会对国内受保护农产品的出口规模产生显著的正向影响,这种效应主要通过价格边际而非数量边际体现。     

反倾销中的反规避问题

随着各国反倾销立法的完善和反倾销力度的加强,被裁定征收高额反倾销税而又不甘心失去进口国市场的出口商必将采取各种方法进行规避,而且其手段也更为隐蔽,使得进口国防不胜防。自上世纪八十年代以来,反规避措施已越来越为各国所重视。为了维护反倾销立法的尊严和避免规避行为对我国产生的不利影响,研究规避及其方法,借鉴欧美反规避措施立法经验,弥补我国立法的不足,无疑是我国面临的一个紧迫问题。     

我国冷冻草莓出口遭遇欧盟反倾销

2006年10月18日，欧盟委员会宣布对原产于中国的冷冻草莓作出反倾销初裁。应诉企业中只有山东莱阳市烟台永昌食品有限公司获得了市场经济地位待遇并赢得零税率，辽宁凤城丹东君澳食品有限公司获得12．6％的单独税率，其他中国公司则一律被征收34．2％的临时反倾销税。     

美国对华木质林产品反倾销措施的影响研究:1995-2006年实证数据

美国是对中国林产品实施反倾销调查和采取最终措施的最主要的国家.反倾销强度指数证明,中国木质林产品在美国市场的出口份额强烈地受到美国反倾销行动的影响,美国是影响中国木质林产品贸易救济的最大因素.美国对华提起反倾销控诉对其他国家具有示范效应,中国应积极谋求WTO剔除非市场经济地位,重视反倾销对称性并积极应诉,通过行业协调和调整林产品出口导向,促使林产品进出口内外均衡与结构合理.     

影响木制家具出口的贸易壁垒及对策

在回顾相关文献的基础上,分析木制家具出口情况以及影响中国木制家具出口的主要贸易壁垒。结果发现:发达国家主要通过运用反倾销、绿色贸易壁垒和SA8000标准来直接或者间接制约从中国的家具进口。建议中国木制家具企业应当实现出口市场的多元化;通过发达国家的各种认证,获得进入国际市场的通行证;努力提高研发能力;学会应对反倾销等贸易救济措施。     

中国木质林产品反倾销的对称性分析

运用WTO I-TIP application中2001²012年间木质林产品反倾销的相关数据和UN Comtrade的木质林产品进出口数据对中国木质林产品行业反倾销的对称性进行了分析。研究结果表明:20012012年间木质林产品反倾销的相关数据和UN Comtrade的木质林产品进出口数据对中国木质林产品行业反倾销的对称性进行了分析。研究结果表明:2001²012年间,中国木质林产品反倾销调查的对称性指数(SA)的平均值仅0.08,远小于1,说明中国木质林产品行业对外反倾销与遭遇反倾销存在严重的不对称性,对外反倾销调查的地位远小于其所遭遇反倾销调查的地位;中国木质林产品反倾销制裁的对称性指数(SS)的平均值仅0.11,远小于1,说明中国木质林产品对外反倾销最终实施的效果比较差,难以弥补中国木质林产品出口因遭遇反倾销所造成的损失。     

Four case studies of agri-food CVDs and a proposal for reforming national administered protection agencies

This paper reviews the role of national administered protection agencies, whose primary responsibility is the enforcement of national teade remedy laws. After reviewing four recent cases of trade disputes between Canada and the United States, it is argued that the role of national administered protection agencies should be changed. The growth of regional trading blocks, the increasing use of anti-dumping and countervailing duty actions against fairly traded imports and the additional responsibilities assumed by the WTO in administering the Agreement on Agriculture strongly suggest that all trade disputes should be taken to the WTO for settlement. The role of national administered protection agencies should be changed to make them agents for trade liberalization. This would involve these agencies taking on three primary functions: (i) as transparency agents; (ii) as investigatory agents; and (iii) as advocacy agents.     

WTO法律框架下我国煤业化工产业的反倾销对策

2 0世纪 70年代的两次石油危机 ,使各国普遍认识到煤炭在未来能源中的战略地位 ,明显加大了煤炭作为原料和燃料利用技术的开发力度。我国由于石油供需矛盾日趋突出 ,因而代表了煤炭能源合理使用新趋势的煤化工产业日益为人们所关注。当我们的企业都致力于煤化技术研究时 ,煤化工产品贸易尤其是跨国贸易问题也同样不容忽视。其中学会合理运用反倾销这一法律武器 ,是我国煤化工企业在中国加入WTO后应当具备的基本素质。     

基于农林产品特征的反倾销会计思考

分析农林产品的生产特点与产品特征对反倾销与反倾销会计的影响,提出关于农林产品反倾销核算的会计思考:基于农林产品生产的自然依赖性,应将土地资源纳入农林产品成本核算体系,完善农林产品成本补偿;根据某些农林产品易腐烂的特性,在削价时尽量把握反倾销规则中"低于成本销售"的空间;农林企业成本核算中必须针对自身行业特点发挥会计智慧,在会计准则允许的范围内,尽量使出口产品分配较少的成本,以便有效应对倾销与反倾销。     

International trade and agricultural development in developing countries: Significance of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations

Liberalization of world trade in agricultural products ranks high on the agenda of the Uruguay Round. After a period of more than six years, however, the negotiations have not been concluded. Nevertheless, an outcome seems to be in sight. The agreement will most likely not result in a move to freer trade. It seems that domestic policies will become even more regulative than in the past in an attempt to cut exportable surpluses and to ease trade tensions among the main exporting nations. This paper explores possible impacts of the GATT Round on agricultural development in developing countries. Agricultural development is more than only growth in agricultural production or productivity. However, it is argued in the paper that other variables which also indicate agricultural development are often closely correlated with growth in production and productivity. Trade in agricultural products is not always an engine for agricultural development. If internal divergences are not accounted for by appropriate domestic policies, trade may be even harmful to agricultural development. Hence, empirical research based on cross-country analysis does not provide a clear answer about the role of trade for development. Past policies in industrialized countries have most likely had a negative effect on developing countries as a group; however, the effects differ widely across countries. Liberalization policies in industrialized countries would not just reverse these negative effects for developing countries. Price reduction in industrialized countries may not result in the often-cited production decline in the short term. Present X-inefficiency in agriculture will be reduced by liberalization, leading to an outward shift of the supply curve. Hence, liberalization may not lead to higher world market prices for temperate-zone products in the short and medium term. Apart from this, empirical models differ widely in the price effects they predict. The expected outcome of the Uruguay Round – increased regulation of domestic policies – is likely both more negative for developing countries than past protectionist policies and worse than an overall liberalization. World market prices will increase, uncertainty and instability can be expected to grow, and food aid may become less available. There will be a need to react to these challenges with measures on the international and national level. Initiatives to deal with food crises in developing countries and to stimulate liberalization in developing countries should be considered. Finally, developing countries should be made aware that their own domestic policies have a much greater economic impact than policies in other countries, even if the latter are as protectionist as current agricultural policies in the industrialized world.     

Trade Elasticity,Gravity and Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from the Food Industry

We present an econometric investigation of the trade effect produced by the elimination of tariffs in 18 food sectors for a large sample of developing and developed countries. The standard CES monopolistic competition trade model and the gravity equation were used to estimate trade substitution elasticities, exploring their sensitivity to different estimation methods. Using these elasticities, we simulate the trade effect of the elimination of tariffs, dealing with the problem of uncertainty in the estimated values. Results point to a significant variation in the elasticities estimated by different econometric methods, suggesting that the Poisson pseudo‐maximum‐likelihood estimator significantly inflates their magnitude. Simulation results indicate that trade liberalisation will strongly increase food exports especially from high income and emerging countries, leading to a general loss of market share by developing countries. The simulated trade flows obtained from the econometric approach are quite close to current evidence based on computable general equilibrium models.     

Terms of trade effects on endogenous growth rates in LDCs

Abstract

This paper presents a model in which long‐term GDP growth rates of LDCs are dependent upon world price levels. The model combines an endogenous growth framework a la Romer (1986, Journal of Political Economy, 94, pp. 1002–1037) with traditional Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Samuelson international trade, while assuming investment in capital to be financed solely by domestic savings. This relatively strong assumption is justified by the empirical observation that for most LDCs foreign investment constitutes only a very small part of gross capital formation. We find that an increase in the price of capital‐intensive goods will raise the long‐term growth rate. In other words, in this model protection of the capital‐intensive goods sector will cause higher economic growth.     

Supply and demand for commodity components: implications of free trade versus the AUSFTA for the US dairy industry*

During the negotiations on the Australia–US free trade agreement (AUSFTA), the US dairy industry vigorously opposed opening the US market to imports of Australian dairy products on the grounds that the US industry would be devastated. Subsequently, the agreement signed in February 2004 made an exception for dairy, providing for only limited quota expansion and no free trade, even at the end of the long implementation period. This paper presents a simulation model of world dairy markets, represented by supply and demand equations for fat and non‐fat components of milk and manufactured dairy products. We use the model to analyse the effects on US milk markets of both a hypothetical agreement, allowing free bilateral trade in dairy products, and the actual AUSFTA. An important contribution to the literature is the derivation of explicit supply and demand relationships for milk components. The components model allows an analysis of long‐term production, consumption, and trade patterns that is not tied to specific, fungible products. Simulations indicate that increased imports from Australia resulting from bilateral trade liberalisation would have resulted in small reductions in US milk prices and production. The much smaller increases in Australian access to the US market under the actual AUSFTA will have even smaller, almost negligible, impacts.