东莞市民间借贷调查研究

东莞市民营经济发达,民间资本庞大。中小企业对资金的巨大需求推动了东莞市民间借贷的发展。本文主要在模式、安全性等方面,从盈利性民间借贷行为的侧重点以及盈利性民间借贷的中介机构的角度对东莞市民间借贷市场进行了深入的考察,并为合理引导东莞市民间资本,健康发展东莞市民间借贷市场提出了相关建议。     

Convergent and divergent country trends in coordinated wage setting and collective bargaining in the public hospitals sector

Drawing on the findings of research in the public hospitals sector in five European countries 1 —France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK—this article assesses the character of change in wage setting and collective bargaining. It demonstrates the diversity of national arrangements by comparing key characteristics: (i) the bodies of collective representation (unions, professional associations and employer bodies); (ii) the degree of integration with the wider public sector framework; (iii) coordination (or competition) with the private hospitals sector; and (iv) the practice of à la carte provisions within individual hospitals. Despite national varieties of wage setting and collective bargaining, each country sector faces similar tensions—most notably the opposition between public (labour market) rules and health (product market) rules, and pressures to segment or integrate employment conditions by labour force group. By examining the nature of change in institutions for wage setting and collective bargaining in each country, the article contributes to our understanding of the extent of coordination and change of public sector wage setting and describes three scenarios: fragmentation (Germany); continuity (France and the Netherlands); and reconstruction (the UK and Norway).     

Resource allocation in the nationalized energy sector of the United Kingdom

Resource allocation in the energy sector of the United Kingdom is a difficult area to plan, because demand and supply projections need to embrace both the large private sector oil industry and the public sector fuel industries. In addition, relationships between the latter are complex as they involve both competition and co-ordination. One approach to the problem has been to find common ground in the concept of marginal cost pricing, but there are practical difficulties in application. Government has encouraged the use of analytical techniques, such as corporate planning, by the fuel industries as a means of co-ordination in areas where market mechanisms may no longer always be effective.     

Preserving religious identity through education: Economic analysis and evidence from the US

This paper models the decision of religious parents to send their children to private religious schools as reflecting their desire to shield their children from external influences and thus preserve their religious identity. It follows that when the share of the minority in the local population grows—and outside influences become less threatening—the demand for separate religious schooling among the members of the religious group decreases. This pattern implies concavity in the relationship between enrollment in private and religious schooling and the share of the religious group in the population. We present empirical evidence from United States county data on Catholic and private school enrollment that strongly supports our theory. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the demand for religious education.     

Modes of Commuting in Mumbai: A Discrete Choice Analysis

Using a nested multinomial logit model (NMNL), this paper estimates the choice probabilities and demand elasticities of various modal alternatives for Mumbai using 1990 trip origination and destination data. The results indicate that with an increase in the cost of private transit system, market share is reduced. The result of this experiment is highly elastic private commuting mode demand. In addition, reduction in the market share of own vehicles is larger than that of hired vehicles. The increase in the cost of mass transit system reduces its share but is inelastic. Decrease in the market share of one mode is accompanied by increase in the market share of others. Income has a positive effect on the market share of private transit modes, particularly on the own vehicles' share. Other explanatory variables such as distance have a negative effect on mass transit system and duration has a negative elasticity for all modes of transportation.     

Is energy security really too important to leave to markets?

Involvement by government in the energy sector has historically been extensive. Generally, however, regulation and direct ownership have involved secondary sectors such as electricity generation and transport on the grounds that these are natural monopolies exhibiting increasing returns to scale. With some exceptions, primary energy production has been left in private hands. But security of energy supply, particularly of petroleum, has been held to justify investment by governments in maintaining strategic reserves and other initiatives. This article argues, however, that petroleum markets are resilient and that the probability of disruptions is slight. Markets can be trusted to satisfy demand without shortages, at affordable prices. In light of structural changes and innovations in petroleum markets, unless the large strategic reserves held by almost all developed countries are actively used to reduce market volatility as a form of public good, maintaining them is difficult to justify.     

Private Property in the Context of Community

The dominant philosophy of private land ownership—that private property exists for the benefit of its owner and that use and ownership should be determined by market forces—is not the only philosophy in the American tradition. Classical republicanism's proprietarian perspective was equally in favor of private property, but held that private property exists for the benefit of society. This article begins by presenting the proprietarian view of private property rights, drawing on the legal scholarship where this perspective has been revived. Next, I use the case of contemporary land reform in Scotland to exemplify the rationale for this perspective. Lastly, I attempt to import the lessons of Scottish land reformers without importing their model, instead considering ways in which private land ownership might be embedded in non‐market institutions in the United States.     

民办高校本科电子商务专业教学改革探索

随着Internet的发展,电子商务在全球领域的开展和普及,市场对电子商务应用型人才的需求越来越大,但在本科电子商务专业应用型人才的培养过程中存在生源文理兼收、培养目标不明确、专业对口就业率低等现象十分严重,尤其是依靠自我积累、自我发展的民办高校。本文就本科电子商务专业如何培养出适应市场、适应需求的人才进行了相关探索,基于教学管理的角度提出切实可行的方法,旨在培养出适应需求、适应市场的应用型人才。     

Over-education for the rich,under-education for the poor: A search-theoretic microfoundation

This paper studies the efficiency of educational choices in a two sector/two schooling level matching model of the labor market where a continuum of heterogenous workers allocates itself between sectors depending on their decision to invest in education. Individuals differ in working ability and schooling cost, the search market is segmented by education, and there is free entry of new firms in each sector. Self-selection in education causes composition effects in the distribution of skills across sectors. This in turn modifies the intensity of job creation, implying the private and social returns to schooling always differ. Provided that ability and schooling cost are not too positively correlated, agents with large schooling costs — the ‘poor’ — underinvest in education, while there is overinvestment among the low schooling cost individuals — the ‘rich’. We also show that education should be more taxed than subsidized when the Hosios condition holds.     

Entrepreneur and the state-managed economy under socialism

The paper deals with institutional change in Poland. The accompanying pherlomenon is an escalating wave of entrepreneurial ventures. They take on different legal forms. The most popular, limited liability companies, emerge in the private, the cooperative, and the state sectors, and often across these sectors. These developments give rise to new interest groups which generally support a market reform. The conflict between the market oriented sector and the administered sector becomes one of the main factors influencing the economic policies of the state. In the paper, the development of the private sector is analyzed with the use of measures relating to the proportion of revenues from the private sector in the total state budget revenues.     

Space Grabs: Colonizing the Vertical City

Much attention has been paid recently to land grabs in rural and urban areas of the global South, but relatively little attention has been paid to such activities in the third dimension—vertical space. Yet vertical space has also been increasingly colonized, as manifest in the transformation of mega-city skylines through the proliferating number and height of high-rises in both central cities and peri-urban developments. We investigate how floor area ratio policies, originally designed to control densification, have been reworked to facilitate densification through floor area uplift. Thus a tool originally developed to advance public welfare has been used to facilitate the profitability of real estate projects for developers and to benefit local governments. Taking DKI Jakarta as our case study, we sketch out the coevolution of this policy with urban regimes, focusing on the mid-2010s when compensation measures were formalized and made transparent. By using a particular project in Jakarta's central business district we show how the benefits of floor area uplift favor private sector developers over the local government. In a context of rapidly increasing land values, increasing demand for housing from an emergent middle class, and particularly the privatization of planning, this unevenness systematically favors the private sector.     

Late Neoliberalism: The Financialization of Homeownership and Housing Rights

Over the last few decades we have witnessed a global U‐turn in prevailing housing and urban policy agendas, spread around the world by the driving forces of globalization and neoliberalism. The new paradigm was mainly based on the withdrawal of states from the housing sector and the implementation of policies designed to create stronger and larger market‐based housing finance models. The commodification of housing, together with the increased use of housing as an investment asset within a globalized financial market, has profoundly affected the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. Taking the World Bank's 1993 manifesto as a starting point and the subprime crisis as its first great international flashpoint, this essay traces some key elements of the neoliberal approach to housing and its impact on the enjoyment of the right to housing in different contexts and times. The reform of housing policy — with all its components of homeownership, private property and binding financial commitments — has been central to the political and ideological strategies through which the dominance of neoliberalism is maintained. Conversely, the crisis (and its origins in the housing market) reflects the inability of market mechanisms to provide adequate and affordable housing for all.     

Towards a theory of the labor market with a public sector

The object is to specify and analyze equilibrium in a labor market with frictions when there is a significant public sector. In the vast majority of equilibrium studies on labor markets, a public sector has been ruled out by assumption. This seems a strange oversight as about 17% of workers in the US are public sector workers, whereas in western Europe, approximately 22% of workers work in the public sector. The goal in this study is to provide answers to such questions as: what happens to private sector wages if the public sector is increased? If the Government increases the number of public sector jobs, does this crowd out private sector jobs? When will private sector wages be greater (less) than the public sector wage? Reasonably complete answers to these questions (and others) are provided within the context of the model developed.     

Still a distinctive southern European employment model?

Current similarities among the four southern European EU Member States—Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain—with respect not only to labour market characteristics but also to the institutional arrangements that influence labour supply, utilisation and demand corroborate the concept of a distinctive southern European employment model. Its origins go back to common features in the pattern of socio‐economic development and the political history of these countries. In the past 20 years or so, national differences in the pace and content of institutional change have increased diversity within the model and eroded some of its components. They have not, however, destroyed its unity and distinctiveness.     

金融发展对环境规制提升工业绿色全要素生产率的创新补偿效应

以金融发展为切入点,探讨环境规制对工业绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究结果显示,不同融资模式的金融发展对环境规制提升工业绿色全要素生产率均存在创新补偿效应,且股票市场的创新补偿效应最大,银行部门次之,民间金融最小。分区域的估计结果显示,东部地区银行部门不存在创新补偿效应,其余地区的估计结果与整体一致。进一步的门槛检验结果显示,银行部门和民间金融均存在单一门槛,且呈现正向边际效率递增的非线性规律。     

The supply multiplier with a self-employed private sector

Conclusion By modelling the private sector on the basis of self-employment, rather than the wage employment assumed by Hare (1987), we are able to proceed without making strong restrictions on functional forms. Our main conclusion is that the supply multiplier equationis affected by the inclusion of the private sector. The immediate effect of an increase in state sector goods purchases by the government is that there is an equal reduction in the amount of state sector goods available for the household sector. This is assumed to affect household demand for private sector output and household supply of labour to the private sector (as well as affecting household labour to the state sector, as in the Barro-Grossman model). The change in labour supply to the private sector affects the supply of goods by the private sector. The net result is that an excess demand (or supply) is created for private sector output and so the price of this output rises (or falls). In general, a change in private sector price leads to a change in state sector labour supply and output, a result, which, by definition, does not occur if the private sector is not included in the model. Thus, the supply multiplier in general takes a different value from that found by Barro and Grossman.Given that the rate of change of labour supply to the state sector with respect to the price of the private sector good is negative we obtain the following conclusion. (a) If a marginal decrease in the availability of state output results in an excess supply of private sector output (before price changes), the supply multiplier is not as negative as in the Barro-Grossman model and may even be zero or positive. (b) If, however, an excess demand for private sector output is created, the supply multiplier is actually more negative than in the Barro-Grossman model. Should, instead, the rate of change of labour supply to the state sector with respect to the price of the private sector good be positive these conclusions are reversed, in the sense that the terms excess supply in (a) and excess demand in (b) are interchanged.(The views expressed in this paper should not necessarily be attributed to the Department of Trade and Industry.) We would like to thank an anonymous reference for helpful comments, particularly in pointing out an inconsistency in our treatment of the individual and the aggregate behaviour of households in an earlier version of the paper.     

The religious factor in private education

We quantify the religious factor in private education in the United States by calibrating a political economy model of school choice—among public, private-nonsectarian and subsidized religious schools—in which parents differ in their incomes and in their preferences for religious education. This shows strong latent demand for religious schooling, conditioned on current subsidized tuition levels in parochial schools, which is suppressed by the need to “pay twice” for private education. Applying the results of the calibration to gauge the effect of means-tested school voucher programs on religious and nonsectarian private enrollment, we find that when the amount of the voucher is relatively small, including subsidized religious schools in such programs is necessary for providing low-income families effective access to private education.     

WHAT HAS 20 YEARS OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PAY GAP LITERATURE TOLD US? EASTERN EUROPEAN TRANSITIONING vs. DEVELOPED ECONOMIES

This paper surveys the literature on public–private sector pay differentials based on 20 years of research in transitioning countries of Eastern Europe (EE) and compares the results with estimates obtained from developed market economies. The majority of empirical studies from EE economies found evidence of public sector pay penalties during the period of economic transition from a communist to market‐based economy. In developed economies, however, the average differential is usually around zero or positive. The public sector pay inequality reducing effect relative to the private sector is greater in transitioning economies than in developed economies. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the sign of the public sector pay gap as well as the relative public sector pay distribution change with the progress of economic transition towards those usually observed in developed economies. Different pay‐setting arrangements between private and public sectors and competition for workers seem to be major arguments for the existence of systematic pay differences between the two sectors.     

民办高校计算机网络应用型人才培养体系研究

随着社会的发展,社会上各行各业在工作过程中都离不开计算机网络的应用,本文通过介绍当前网络工程专业人才需求现状,提出民办高校当前培养模式存在的问题,详细阐述民办高校计算机网络应用型人才培养课系研究。     

陕西民办高校就业工作制度建设与长效机制研究

本文从分析陕西省民办高校就业工作制度建设的现状入手,通过开展个案调查,总结并介绍典型学校的先进做法,分析了目前存在的市场与计划矛盾、就业目标考核体系、就业运行机制等几个突出的共性问题,提出了民办高校创新就业长效机制的新思路,为当前高校做好大学生就业工作提供一定借鉴作用。