循环经济视角下的农作物秸秆综合利用

我国地域辽阔,农作物秸秆资源众多,但是长期以来农作物秸秆产业一直处于高污染状态,缺乏有效手段将其进行综合利用。近年来随着循环经济逐渐发展,我国开始对农作物秸秆进行综合利用。阐述了循环经济特征,简析了我国农作物秸秆产业综合利用现状,为循环经济视角下农作物秸秆综合利用提出了相应策略。     

金色秸秆 绿色产业

作为另一半农业资源,近年来秸秆被有效利用起来:肥料化、饲料化、基料化、燃料化、原料化等,据统计,2015年全国农作物秸秆综合利用率为80.11%,实现了秸秆的产业化发展。秸秆的综合利用不仅捡回了另一半农业,还保护了生态环境,实现了经济与环境的可持续发展。近年来,国家秸秆产业技术创新战略联盟理事长、秸秆控股集团有限公司董事长彭飞一直致力于秸秆的产业化发展,那么,他对秸秆有哪些独到的看法?对秸秆产业发展有哪些建议?由他发起成立的国家秸秆产业技术创新战略联盟为我国秸秆产业发展做了哪些工作?日前,记者对彭飞进行了专访。     

福建省人造板产业现状与发展思路

本文简要分析福建省人造板产业的发展现状,并针对在发展过程中所面临的障碍进行分析,最后提出了在新形势下福建省人造板产业应优化产业结构、加大技术改进、鼓励企业投资原料用材林建设和大力发展竹质人造板等战略思路。     

农作物秸秆不落地收集解决方案探索

本文针对国内农作物秸秆综合利用环节中的秸秆收集过程,分析传统收集模式存在的问题,提出农作物秸秆不落地收集模式,解决农作物秸秆在收集过程中成本居高不下的难题,为秸秆综合利用企业创造更有力的发展空间。     

区域秸秆全量处理利用的概念、思路与模式探讨

随着我国农业生产的发展、农村生活条件的改变,秸秆地区性、季节性、结构性过剩现象严重,随意丢弃或露天直接焚烧现象屡禁不止,对生态环境和社会安全产生十分严峻的影响。为解决我国农作物秸秆面临的突出问题,提出"区域秸秆全量处理利用"的理念。文章系统地阐述了区域秸秆全量处理利用的概念、内涵和遵循原则,并详细阐明了其基本设计思路:估算秸秆资源与可收集量、调研秸秆综合利用现状、确定维持地力的秸秆还田量、设计秸秆离田利用的比例关系、合理布局秸秆产业和收储场地、健全秸秆全量处理利用的政策保障体系。在此基础上,归纳分析了"多元循环型模式、还田主导型模式、产业主导型模式"等几种秸秆全量利用模式的内容、特点,并结合典型案例分析了其实用效果,以期为区域秸秆综合利用和禁烧工作的长效运行与可持续发展提供理念引导和技术支撑,推动农作物秸秆实现应有的资源价值。     

技术创新与人造板产业国际竞争力提升策略研究

在分析指出技术创新是提升中国人造板产业国际竞争力的重要途径的基础上,利用《中国经济普查年鉴》相关数据对中国人造板产业技术创新现状进行了深入分析,结果表明:人造板产业技术创新存在资金投入不足、创新人才缺乏、创新模式不合理、新产品对销售收入贡献小、自主创新能力弱等问题。为此,提出了应通过建立人造板产业技术创新联盟和大力提升产业自主创新能力等提升中国人造板产业国际竞争力的措施。     

近20年来新疆农作物秸秆资源量变化、现状分析及综合利用探讨

[目的]受多方限制,新疆农作物秸秆资源化利用水平仍然不高。通过对新疆农作物秸秆资源量变化、现状成效及综合利用进行分析探讨,以期为相关工作开展提供数据支撑与决策参考。[方法]文章充分考虑种植规模、技术创新、生产成本、需求分析等因素,分析近20年来新疆地区农作物秸秆资源量变化特性,对新疆现有农作物秸秆资源总量与构成进行全面分析,研究秸秆资源丰度和密度,系统梳理新疆农作物秸秆资源利用现状成效、主要技术模式及存在的突出问题,提出建议与展望。[结果]（1）棉花秸秆是新疆未来秸秆综合利用的卡点难点和主攻方向。（2）新疆农作物秸秆资源总量大、种类多、分布广,具有良好的资源化开发潜力,同时存在诸多问题。（3）新疆在秸秆饲料化、基料化发展方面具有现实需求,秸秆肥料产业化程度有待提高,材料化利用空白。[结论]新疆应完善配套政策支撑,优化区域收储运服务格局,改进秸秆利用技术模式,推进秸秆利用规模化、产业化,提升棉花秸秆燃料化水平。     

岱岳区主要农作物秸秆农机化综合利用探讨

为切实摸清岱岳区主要农作物秸秆农机化综合利用情况,探索出一条适合岱岳区可持续发展的科学模式及有效途径,本文就主要农作物秸秆生产量及分布区域、利用渠道或利用模式、秸秆综合利用机械、采取的主要政策和工作措施及取得的成效、存在的主要问题、今后我区主要农作物秸秆综合利用的对策与建议进行简要探讨。     

吉林省农作物秸秆综合利用研究

围绕农作物秸秆综合利用的内涵,系统介绍了吉林省农作物秸秆肥料化、能源化、饲料化、工业原料化和基料化5化利用模式以及秸秆综合利用方式存在的问题,提出未来吉林省秸秆综合综合利用的发展趋势,为吉林省秸秆综合利用发展提供借鉴。     

基于主成分分析的区域人造板产业竞争力评价

按照人造板产业的主要财务指标,对区域人造板产业进行了聚类分析,在此基础上,对有代表性的省区进行了主成分分析和综合打分评价。结果显示:中国人造板产业竞争力呈现出东强西弱非均衡发展的态势,低级资源禀赋竞争力被取代现象明显;区位优势、产业集群、结构优化综合因素构成了人造板产业的主要竞争力。     

Persistence of firm‐level profitability in the European dairy processing industry

Based on autoregressive (AR) models and Arellano‐Bond dynamic panel estimation, this article analyses profit persistence in the European dairy processing industry. The sample comprises 590 dairy processors from the following five countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The AR models indicate that cooperatives which account for around 20% of all firms in the dairy processing sector are not primarily profit oriented. In addition, the results point toward a high level of competition as profit persistence is rather low even if cooperatives are excluded. The panel model reveals that short‐ as well as long‐run profit persistence is influenced by firm and industry characteristics.     

非洲猪瘟疫情对我国肉类价格影响的区域异质性研究

目的 非洲猪瘟疫情暴发导致猪肉等畜产品市场供需结构性、区域性失衡，进而导致肉类价格大幅波动，不利于畜牧业高质量可持续发展。方法 文章通过构建覆盖全国30个省（市、区，不含港澳台、西藏），包括猪牛羊和白条鸡四大肉类价格和非洲猪瘟疫情指数的动态面板数据，运用面板向量自回归模型（PVAR），研究非洲猪瘟疫情对猪肉等主要肉类价格的冲击和影响在重点、约束、适度发展区和潜力增长区2的区域异质性。结果 （1）非洲猪瘟疫情对不同区域不同肉类价格的影响存在着正负向不趋同的方向性差异，在冲击程度大小和时滞期上均存区域异质性；（2）区域间和区域内不同省份间猪肉等肉类生产流通和供需形势、及非洲猪瘟发生发展程度的差异是非洲猪瘟疫情对这些肉类价格冲击影响异质性产生的主要原因。结论 非洲猪瘟疫情对肉类价格影响存在较为明显的区域异质性，亟需进一步优化生猪等畜牧产业布局，加快形成区域协同发展格局；健全动物疫病防控体系，建立多方协同联动机制；完善市场风险预警调控机制，加快实现产需顺畅匹配，确保畜产品市场总体平稳运行和畜牧业健康可持续发展。     

林权变动对森林资源培育和木材供给的影响分析

基于林地配置和木材供给的计量经济学模型,利用7个南方县的面板数据进行实证分析。回归结果显示,经济发展对森林覆盖率产生正面的影响,人口压力对森林覆盖率有消极的影响,采伐等相关成本上升和实际利率提高会减少市场上商品材的供给。结果还显示,林权改革显著地增加了南方集体林区商品材供给,但由于样本数据观测期短,暂未发现林权改革增加南方集体林区森林覆盖率。     

融入技术附加值的中国人造板产业国际竞争力测度

采用显示性技术附加值原理,融入技术附加值测度中国人造板产业的国际竞争力,并与传统进出口数据评价法的测度结果进行比较和分析。测度结果表明:中国人造板产业主要出口技术附加值低的产品,进口技术附加值高的产品;考虑技术附加值后,中国人造板竞争力并不强;融入技术附加值的产业国际竞争力更能反映新常态下中国人造板产业在国际市场上质的竞争力。     

Supply response of U.K. milk producers

Short‐run own‐price response elasticities are estimated from two samples of panel data for specialist dairy farms in the Northwest and Southwest of England. Although these farms are subject to milk marketing quotas, the free tradability of quotas enables them individually to adjust the output quite rapidly. Model specifications have been chosen to test the ability of panel data to directly reveal behavioral responses without the imposition of theoretical restrictions. Significantly, the two independent samples generate quite similar results, especially in terms of supply response measures. Stable and promising estimates are obtained with simultaneous models giving higher elasticities than single equation models.     

The declining price anomaly in sequential auctions of identical commodities with asymmetric bidders: empirical evidence from the Nephrops norvegicus market in France

The declining price anomaly for sequential sales of identical commodities challenges auction theory which predicts constant prices within a day. Among other hypotheses explaining the phenomenon stands the dual value of goods including a risk premium in early transactions. We consider that asymmetric bidder groups (primary processors, fishmongers, supermarket buyers) and seasonal landings may also affect the daily price pattern. On the basis of stylized facts and several panel data models, this hypothesis is tested on a Redundant French fish market of homogenous goods (live Nephrops norvegicus) when the time effects (high and low seasons, weekday effect) affecting the demand and supply conditions are taken into consideration. All models support the evidence of a daily declining pattern, but not to the same extent for all days and seasons, and all categories of buyers. Our results also show an earlier and steeper decline on periods of lower supply (or higher demand), supporting the theoretical hypothesis of risk‐averse behaviors of bidders, especially fishmongers with respect to primary processors and supermarkets.     

SUPPLY RESPONSE IN THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP INDUSTRY: A PROFIT FUNCTION APPROACH*

Profit function models for the three major regions in which the Australian sheep industry operates are specified and estimated. The supply response elasticity estimates are made using a normalised quadratic functional form and time series cross-sectional data. Elasticity estimates, together with their confidence intervals, are presented for the pastoral, wheat-sheep and high rainfall zones. In general, the supply response elasticity estimates derived in this study are lower than those previously reported for studies in which little or no account has been taken of the multi-product nature of Australian agriculture.     

Supply side constraints in the Israeli housing market—The impact of state owned land

House prices in Israel have risen since 2008 by as much as 98%. Much of this increase is attributed to low levels of housing supply and housing supply elasticities. In Israel land is frequently owned by the state. This results in heavy government involvement in the housing market through the control of land supply via land tenders. This paper estimates the impact of state owned land on the Israeli housing market focusing on these unusual conditions of land supply. A model for the creation of new housing units is proposed. This incorporates land tenders, enabling the estimation of housing supply dynamics with an accurate measure of public land supply. The model is tested using regional panel data which facilitates the dynamic estimation of national and local supply elasticities and regional spillovers. The paper uses novel data sources resulting in a panel of 45 spatial units over a span of 11 years (2002–2012). Due to the nonstationary nature of the data, spatial panel cointegration methods are used. The empirical results yield estimates of housing supply price elasticities and elasticities with respect to land supply. Results show that housing supply is positively impacted by governmental decisions but the impact is low. Supply elasticity with regard to government land tenders stands at around 0.05 over the short run and 0.08 over the long run. Government policy of offering land in low demand areas and fixing minimum-price tendering does not seem to affect housing supply. Policy implications point to the need for more sensitive management of the delicate balance between public and private source of land in order to mitigate the excesses of demand shocks.     

Estimation of Profit Functions When Profit is Not Maximum

This paper deals with derivation and implications of profit functions when profit is not maximum due to the presence of either technical inefficiency or allocative inefficiency, or both. We show that input demand and output supply, elasticities, and returns to scale are, in general, affected by these inefficiencies. We also show that the overall profit efficiency is not necessarily the product of technical and allocative efficiencies, meaning that technical and allocative inefficiencies are not necessarily independent. Estimation techniques are developed for both cross-sectional and panel data models. Working of the model is illustrated using a panel of 60 salmon farms.