浅谈陕西西府民间美术色彩的传承与创新

以宝鸡为中心的陕西西府民间民俗艺术种类繁多,形式各异。作为民间文化重要元素之一的民间美术色彩,其在传承与发展的过程中一度出现了迷茫,甚至走入误区。本文通过对民间色彩特征的分析,结合实际,对西府民间美术色彩提出质疑,进一步提出创新要根植于传统之观点,只有民间色彩才能突显民间的特征。     

Effects on earnings of the removal of direct discrimination in minimum wage rates: A validation of the Blinder decomposition

Prior to 1969, the Australian labour market was characterised by institutionalised gender wage discrimination. Wages for the majority of the workforce were set by government wage tribunals, and these tribunals set the wages of women at 75 percent of the male rate of pay. Following equal pay decisions in 1969 and 1972, the award rates of pay for all work were, by June 1975, to be determined without consideration of the sex of the worker. Examination of data from surveys conducted in 1973 and 1989 show that the removal of this institutionalised discrimination is captured by the Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) wage decompositions as a marked decline in the absolute value of the ‘discrimination’ component of the gender pay gap. The analyses also reveal some merit in the decomposition proposed by Cotton (1988).     

Discrimination Against Latin American Workers During Pre-Olympic Games Construction in Vancouver

This article discusses a recent decision by the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal which found discrimination to be present against workers from Latin America employed on construction of the Canada Line rapid transit link, built in preparation for the 2010 Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympics. The tribunal concluded that the workers’ race, color, ancestry and place of origin were factors in mistreatment by the employer and a prima facie case of discrimination was established with regards to the Latin American workers who were treated adversely compared to Canadian and European workers. This essay analyzes issues of exploitation of migrant workers from Latin America and the difficulties facing labor unions in defending their members, including the costs of such hearings and the firing of workers by employers. This is a significant case for labor rights in a global context.     

The Role of Culture in Shaping Perceptions of Discrimination among Active Duty and Reserve Forces in the US Military

Organizational culture allows workers in an organization to develop a shared understanding about events that occur within the organization. The US Army has developed its own culture, which allows it to pursue a variety of challenges that it must face. Today’s US Army relies heavily on citizen soldiers, consisting of the Army Reserve and the National Guard. These soldiers come from a different background than the active component soldiers, and as a result, interpret actions taken by the organization and its leaders differently, based on the subculture from which these soldiers come. The present paper examines the effects that culture and status have on perceptions of discrimination and fairness during a recent US military operation. An historical frame of reference of similar experiences in previous military operations is provided, and implications for organizations that employ both permanent and temporary workers are discussed.     

The limits of the wage impact of discrimination

In spite of almost 40 years of active enforcement efforts by the EEOC, as well as the strong intervention by the plaintiff bar, the most popular benchmark by which we measure the influence of prejudice on wages paid to female and minority workers has changed very little. This paper maintains that to a large extent this seeming immunity of discriminatory wage gaps to the legal remedies provided by Title VII results from the mismeasurement of those effects. An alternative to the standard Oaxaca decomposition of the wage gap is offered which allows us to put plausible ranges around the true impact of antidiscrimination laws. Not only does this reduce the residual impact of the discrimination that appears to withstand Title VII remedies, it also suggests that the pre‐Title VII impact of discrimination on wages accounted for little of the gap observed at the time of its passage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅析餐具在室内设计中的运用

"艺术源于生活,又高于生活",餐具作为人类最重要的日用生活器具之一,是饮食文化和生活习惯的具体体现,在一定程度上也是人类生活方式和文化内涵的外在体现。餐具沿用至今,在造型、材质和颜色上都发生很大的变化,其装饰性更加强烈。在特定的空间运用餐具做装饰,会给空间增添不少趣味性和美观性。     

浅谈建筑设计中色彩的重要性

建筑设计中的色彩设计是不可或缺的研究内容。建筑色彩直观地体现建筑的整体风格和艺术氛围,并且对其功能标识进行明确的区分,还诠释着整个城市的人文风俗和情感象征。本文在分析建筑色彩设计的重要性的基础上,从色彩表达和外部因素两方面综合分析了影响建筑选色的主要因素,并提出了相关的建议。     

浅析德莱塞《美国悲剧》中的色彩意象

文学的色彩语言作为一种符号能寄寓人物心理变化,进而会影响读者审美感受。德莱塞文学书写所选择的颜色中,文学的色彩已不是物理意义上的色彩,而是具有特定内涵的色彩意象。作者有意选择人物所需要的色彩,形成某种特定的情感表达,使之与读者形成共鸣。德莱塞利用美国文化的背景,努力挖掘色彩涵义,其《美国悲剧》中所写黑白色寄寓肃穆,棕蓝色寄寓厄运,黄色寄寓失落,将具有一定的内涵的色彩意象与隐含的读者的主观情感融合达成了独特的美学效果。     

论实现企业绩效管理的有效性

文章从几个方面讨论了如何实现企业绩效管理的有效性,一是营造良好的企业文化;二是确立企业战略目标并逐层分解;三是制定绩效计划并实施;四是及时公正地进行考核;五是正确运用绩效考核结果;六是配套制度体系的建设。     

Cultural Discrimination: The Reasonable Accommodation of Religion in the Workplace

Reasonable accommodation of religious practices continues to be a problem in the workplace. Recent Supreme Court decisions have enabled employers to exclude employees from the decision-making process of what constitutes a reasonable accommodation of their religious beliefs through the de minimis standard. In this article it is argued that, in most cases, the reason employers have been allowed to discriminate against these employees is the contentious nature of minority religious beliefs with the mainstream religious culture. Because judges view discrimination based on religious beliefs as distinct from the other reasons for discriminatory practices, such as race, sex, or national origin, it appears unlikely that adherents to minority faiths will face any abatement of discrimination in the workplace.     

Optimal fiscal zoning when the local government is a discriminating monopolist

Monopoly zoning by local governments has been studied extensively since the original article by White [1975, in: E. Mills and W. Oates, eds., Fiscal zoning and land use controls (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA)]. However, little or no attention has been paid to the possibility of monopolistic discrimination under such a regime. The question is: When will zoning multiple lot sizes be feasible given that buyers with different valuations of land cannot be coerced into purchasing particular lots? The literature on imperfect price discrimination by monopolists is brought to bear on this question. It is shown that the resulting zoning strategy may or may not involve multiple lot sizes. The factors determining the optimal strategy are studied in detail, with particular emphasis on the nature of the market for undeveloped land in the community.     

Coupons and price discrimination in vertically‐correlated markets

This research analyzes the non‐cooperative and cooperative strategies with respect to manufacturer and retailer coupons. In a model with one manufacturer selling its product to one retailer, it is found that the retailer can achieve third‐degree price discrimination equilibrium in retail markets by issuing coupons to demanders with higher elasticity. Although facing only one retailer, the manufacturer can also achieve the same third‐degree price discrimination equilibrium by issuing coupons directly to demanders of higher elasticity. However, when only one firm issues the coupon, both manufacturer and retailer coupons can help alleviate the channel profit loss due to double marginalization. If the manufacturer and the retailer non‐cooperatively issue coupons, then the subgame‐perfect Nash equilibrium outcomes are equivalent to those under the successive third‐degree price discrimination. Moreover, cooperative strategies between the manufacturer and the retailer can eliminate double marginalization, achieve the vertical integration effect, and lead to higher profits, consumer surpluses, and social surpluses than non‐cooperative coupon strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automatic associations and discrimination in hiring: Real world evidence

This is the first study providing empirical support for automatically activated associations inducing discriminatory behavior among recruiters in a real-life hiring situation. Two different field experiments on ethnic discrimination in hiring are combined with a measure of employers' automatic attitudes and performance stereotypes toward Arab-Muslim men relative to Swedish men using the Implicit Association Test.The results show that the probability to invite Arab-Muslim job applicants decreases by five percentage points when the recruiter has a one standard deviation stronger negative implicit association toward Arab-Muslim men. This suggests that automatic processes may exert a significant impact on employers' hiring decisions, offering new insights into labor market discrimination.     

Indiscriminate discrimination: A correspondence test for ethnic homophily in the Chicago labor market

Numerous field experiments have demonstrated the existence of discrimination in labor markets against specific minority groups. This paper uses a correspondence test to determine whether this discrimination is due to prejudice against specific groups, or a general preference for the majority group. Three groups of identical fabricated resumes are sent to help-wanted advertisements in Chicago newspapers: one with Anglo-Saxon names, one with African-American names, and one with fictitious foreign names whose ethnic origin is unidentifiable to most Americans. Resumes with Anglo-Saxon names generate nearly one third more call-backs than identical resumes with non Anglo-Saxon ones, either African-American or Foreign. We take this as evidence that discriminatory behavior is part of a larger pattern of unequal treatment of any member of non-majority groups, ethnic homophily.     

论服饰色彩的伦理思想价值探究

服饰色彩作为一定社会伦理的外部表现,以自己特有的物质形式表现着这些伦理观念,从而以一定文化符号的形式构建了服饰色彩伦理的道德内容和价值体系。服饰色彩的这种真假区分、善恶评价、美丑取舍内在的规定了服饰色彩伦理的价值内容,从而对人们的着装心理、着装习惯产生重大影响。     

我国城镇正规就业与非正规就业工资差异的实证研究——基于分位数回归与分解的发现

本文利用2009年CHNS数据对我国城镇正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异进行实证研究,分位数回归与分解的结果表明:正规就业与非正规就业的教育回报率的差异,随工资分布由低端到高端呈现先升后降趋势,经验—工资线在正规就业与非正规就业明显不同,前者为单调递增的线性关系,后者为倒"U"形曲线关系;正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异主要是由中低端的工资差异引起的;在工资分布中低端和歧视等非市场因素是工资差异的主要原因,而在工资分布高端,工资差异主要来自于教育和经验等个人禀赋差异。     

草原文化在哈萨克舞蹈中的呈现形式及表现手法

每一个民族的舞蹈艺术都与其民族文化息息相关,民族文化又与其生存发展的社会环境、自然环境密切相关。哈萨克是草原上的游牧民族,是我国少数民族中北方草原文化特征最为明显的草原民族,因此哈萨克舞蹈带有浓厚的草原文化色彩。本文主要分析了哈萨克舞蹈艺术特征,深入剖析草原文化对哈萨克舞蹈艺术的影响。     

Do landlords discriminate in the rental housing market? Evidence from an internet field experiment in US cities

This paper tests for racial discrimination in the rental housing market using matched-pair audits conducted via e-mail for rental units advertised on-line. We reveal home-seekers’ race to landlords by sending e-mails from names with a high likelihood of association with either whites or African Americans. Generally, discrimination occurs against African American names; however, when the content of the e-mail messages insinuates home-seekers with high social class, discrimination is non-existent. Racial discrimination is more severe in neighborhoods that are near “tipping points” in racial composition, and for units that are part of a larger building.     

Structural Decomposition Analyses with Dependent Determinants

Structural decomposition techniques are used to break down the changes in one variable into the changes in its determinants. Typically, these determinants are assumed to be independent. Using the decomposition of value added growth as a prototype example, this paper examines the phenomenon that several of the determinants are not independent. The determinants are termed fully dependent if changes in one determinant cannot occur without corresponding changes in another determinant. In most empirical cases, full dependence exists between groups of determinants, not between separate determinants. It is indicated that dependencies may cause a bias in the results of decomposition analyses. An alternative to overcome this problem is proposed and the findings are illustrated by an empirical study for The Netherlands 1972-1986.     

Spatial variations in the hidden enterprise culture: Some lessons from England

Despite the growing recognition that many businesses start by trading on a partially or wholly off-the-books basis, there has been little investigation of whether the prevalence and character of this hidden enterprise culture varies spatially. The aim of this paper is to start to fill that gap. Reporting the results of face-to-face interviews conducted in affluent and deprived urban and rural English localities with 91 early-stage entrepreneurs and 81 established self-employed, it is shown that in all localities wholly legitimate businesses are just the tip of the iceberg and that beneath the surface is a large hidden enterprise culture. However, the preponderance of early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed to trade off-the-books is greater in some locality-types than others. Not only do early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed more commonly trade off-the-books in deprived and rural localities, but they are also more likely to trade wholly off-the-books and therefore not be even recognized as existing by official data sources. The implication is that deprived and rural communities are more enterprising and entrepreneurial than is currently recognized and, consequently, that legitimizing this hidden enterprise culture could be an important means of promoting enterprise and economic development in such communities. The paper concludes by briefly reviewing how this might be achieved.