我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究特征及态势

海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估,将生态系统服务无法由市场直接体现的效用价值量化为货币价值,是实现生态资源可持续发展的重要手段,同时也为资源合理利用和补偿、环境价值核算等提供了必要的决策依据。本文基于我国现有研究,分别从生态系统类型、时空分布、评估类别、评估技术以及信度和效度检验五个方面,系统地分析了我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究现状,识别出当前的研究特征。研究结果显示近年来我国海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估研究增长迅速,尤其以上海、山东、辽宁等沿海区域为主要研究对象;湿地和海湾海滨生态系统的研究最为密集,其中对使用价值的研究远远超过非使用价值;条件价值法和旅行成本法是主要研究方法,两种方法都以游憩价值评估为主;评估结果的信度与效度检验是当前研究的薄弱环节,也是未来研究的重点发展方向。     

创新生态系统价值共创：概念内涵、行为模式与动力机制

创新生态系统价值共创已成为学界、政界、业界共同关注的议题。基于复杂适应系统理论和社会交换理论，对创新生态系统价值共创的概念内涵、行为模式及动力机制进行系统性研究。结果发现，创新生态系统价值共创是价值创造核心主体、价值创造服务主体和价值创造推动主体等具有共生关系的价值创造共同体在某一主体协调下，围绕共同价值主张，为实现主体间互惠共赢而形成的复杂适应行为；构建创新生态系统“交换—关系”价值共创行为模式分析框架，挖掘“契约型”“关系型”“经济互惠型”和“社会协商型”4类价值共创行为模式；指出“开发—保护—释放—重组”的适应性循环和“互惠、协商、公平、信任”的交换规则是创新生态系统实现可持续价值共创的动力机制及重要保障。最后，提出未来研究展望。     

区域创新生态系统可持续运行建设路径研究

基于区域创新生态系统理论,联合生态系统可持续性特征,对区域创新生态系统可持续运行内涵与影响要素进行理论阐释,以我国内地31个省市为样本,运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,结合可持续创新种群结构、可持续能力和可持续创新潜力3个维度,重点探究区域创新生态系统高水平可持续运行建设路径。根据维度要素的不同组合构型,归纳出4条区域创新生态系统实现高水平可持续运行的建设路径;相对于其它要素,创新种群新颖性与政府创新投入对系统高水平可持续运行更重要。研究结论有助于拓展区域创新生态研究视角,为不同地区优化创新生态系统、提高系统可持续运行水平和实现高质量发展提供参考。     

Appraisal of the vegetation-based services for cropland ecosystems： a case study of a high-yielding county in North China

1. Introduction Ecosystem services are explicitly defined as “the natural environmental conditions and effects upon which people rely for existence that are formed and maintained by ecosystems and ecological processes” [1] . The valuation of ecosystem goods and services has become an important issue in the field of envi- ronmental protection and sustainable development, which also represents one aspect of the United Na- tions Millennium Assessment. At present, the re- search associated wit…     

Assessing ecosystem sustainability and management using fuzzy logic

Concern about the negative impacts of growth and development on protected area ecosystems has drawn attention to methods for assessing ecosystem sustainability and management. Existing non-stochastic and stochastic methods for assessing weak and strong sustainability of ecosystems have several limitations. The non-stochastic method does not account for errors in measuring attributes, stochastic variability in attributes, and uncertainty about the relationship between ecosystem attributes and states (degrees) of ecosystem sustainability. Although the stochastic method better accounts for errors in measuring attributes, and stochastic variability in attributes than the non-stochastic method, it requires information about the probability distributions of attributes for different states of sustainability. Such information is not readily available. The fuzzy logic method overcomes the limitations of the non-stochastic and stochastic methods, but requires fuzzifying an index of sustainability in the case of weak sustainability, fuzzifying individual attributes in the case of strong sustainability, specifying and estimating membership functions for low, medium and high ecosystem sustainability, selecting a rule to determine whether an ecosystem is strongly sustainable based on the conclusions for fuzzy propositions, and specifying fuzzy sets for truth qualifiers when evaluating conditional and qualified propositions. Whether the benefits outweigh the costs of using the fuzzy logic method depends on the knowledge, data, and information available about the ecosystem, the expertise of the persons doing the assessment, and other factors. The non-stochastic, stochastic and fuzzy logic methods can be used to rank management alternatives and select a preferred alternative in cases where the current state of the ecosystem is unsustainable. Ranking management alternatives using a fuzzy logic method requires ordering the fuzzy scores for alternatives. All three methods for ranking management alternatives call for a group preference ordering for management alternatives in cases where individuals in the group have different preferences for alternatives.     

从自然资源经济学到可持续经济学

随着物质生活水平的快速提高,人类也面临着诸如森林退化、土地荒漠化、物种多样性丧失以及温室效应恶化等生存环境问题。可持续发展问题日益受到人们的关注,通过经济学的视角来研究可持续发展的可持续经济学得到了快速的发展。本文从经济学的角度界定了自然资源的概念,回顾了经济学对自然资源的研究历程,对自然资源经济学的起源、发展进行了评述;论证了自然资源经济学和可持续经济学的关系,指出在可持续发展问题研究中融合自然资源经济学和环境经济学的必然性,以自然资源经济学和环境经济学为重要元素的可持续经济学是可持续问题经济研究的高级阶段,文章进一步探讨了可持续经济学的分析框架、发展现状及存在的问题。     

Relationship between ecological economics and circular economy, eco-industry, cleaner production, and other relevant categories

Eco-industry, circular economy, cleaner production, industrial ecology or industrial ecosystem and other subjects are all categories related to sustainable developinent. This paper studies the relations and differences between the four categories and sustainable development as well as ecological economics. Circular economy, eco-industry, industrial ecosystem and cleaner production were put forward during the revolution in “end treatment pattern” of traditional industrial society. Industrial ecology, eco-industry and circular economy theory are three content expansions of cleaner production. Ecological economics is of instructive function theoretically and methodologically for circular economy, eco-industrial, cleaner production and industrial ecology. Circular economy theory is easier to be accepted, compared with ecological economics theory. And circular economy in nature is the complete application of ecological economics theory.     

OECD organisational discourse, peer reviews and sustainable development: An ecological-institutionalist perspective

As part of the recent ‘ideational turn’ in research on international organisations, the study of organisational discourse has gained popularity. Yet ecological economics has thus far paid little attention to the role of organisations as sites for the discursive battles over the meaning of sustainable development. For an international organisation without regulatory powers, such as the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), discourse is the main vehicle for policy influence, but it also plays a key role in (re)defining the organisation's identity and authority. The OECD's organisational discourse has been strongly dominated by ‘modern mainstream economics’, and has given little room for marginalised discourses. This paper compares, from the perspective of institutionally oriented ecological economics (IOEE), and borrowing from critical discourse analysis, the experience from attempts to integrate the concept of sustainable development within two OECD peer review mechanisms - the Economic Surveys and the Environmental Performance Reviews. The extent to which the respective conceptions of sustainable development in the two reviews are in line with the principles of IOEE and the reasons for the apparent failure of sustainable development discourse to gain foothold within the organisation are analysed.     

沙地资源管理理论探析

作为脆弱生态系统可持续发展研究的重要内容，沙化土地资源管理逐渐引起人们的重视。沙化土地资源管理研究具有高度的综合性及横断学科的特点，文章以沙地资源产业化、资产化、自然资源核算、生态经济系统的能值分析、承载力分析、管理政策的完善等为中心的生态经济管理研究，旨在探讨与揭示资源管理的有效手段，并为实现沙地资源可持续发展提供科学的理论依据。     

From peripheral to core: a case study of a 3D printing firm on business ecosystems reconstruction

ABSTRACT

The rapid development of emerging digital technologies is giving peripheral firm, which is participant in secondary and complementary positions in a business ecosystem, unprecedented opportunities to shape its own ecosystem. Prior ecosystem studies mainly focus on the perspective of core firm, while few taking the perspective of peripheral firms. Using the case of a leading 3D printing firm in China, this study adopts resource orchestration as theoretical lens and investigates how a peripheral firm developed its business ecosystem and became a core firm in its own digital ecosystem. Specifically, this study identifies three stages of ecosystem development and the detailed processes and mechanisms, respectively. It contributes to the literature by exploring the ecosystem dynamics from an understudied perspective and identifying the processes and mechanisms of peripheral firms developing its ecosystem towards digital ecosystem. It also sheds lights for peripheral firms in existing business ecosystems in their business strategy development.     

Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making

The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functioning of ecosystems to human welfare. Understanding this link is critical for a wide-range of decision-making contexts. While there have been several attempts to come up with a classification scheme for ecosystem services, there has not been an agreed upon, meaningful and consistent definition for ecosystem services. In this paper we offer a definition of ecosystem services that is likely to be operational for ecosystem service research and several classification schemes. We argue that any attempt at classifying ecosystem services should be based on both the characteristics of the ecosystems of interest and a decision context for which the concept of ecosystem services is being mobilized. Because of this there is not one classification scheme that will be adequate for the many contexts in which ecosystem service research may be utilized. We discuss several examples of how classification schemes will be a function of both ecosystem and ecosystem service characteristics and the decision-making context.     

生态系统健康评价

生态系统健康是人类赖以生成和发展的必要条件,生态系统健康科学深深植根于生物学,生态学,并与保护生物学,生态监测和景观生态学等领域密切相关,这些领域也与可持续发展有关,生态系统健康评价指标包括物理化学指标,生态学指标和社会经济指标,较小尺度徨态系统的评价更多采用生态学指标,大尺度生态系统健康的评价则注重整体性评价,最后,提出了生态系统健康恢复和维持的措施。     

Bringing Ecosystem Services into the Real World: An Operational Framework for Assessing the Economic Consequences of Losing Wild Nature

Policy action to halt the global loss of biodiversity and ecosystems is hindered by the perception that it would be so costly as to compromise economic development, yet this assumption needs testing. Inspired by the recent Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, the leaders of the G8+5 nations commissioned a similar assessment of the economics of losing biodiversity, under the Potsdam Initiative on Biodiversity. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for such a global assessment which emphasizes several critical insights from the environmental economics and valuation literature: contrasting counterfactual scenarios which differ solely in whether they include specific conservation policies; identifying non-overlapping benefits; modeling the production, flow, use and value of benefits in a spatially-explicit way; and incorporating the likely costs as well as possible benefits of policy interventions. Tackling these challenges, we argue, will significantly enhance our ability to quantify how the loss of benefits derived from ecosystems and biodiversity compares with the costs incurred in retaining them. We also summarise a review of the current state of knowledge, in order to assess how quickly this framework could be operationalized for some key ecosystem services.     

Accounting for the ecosystem services of migratory species: Quantifying migration support and spatial subsidies

Migratory species support ecosystem process and function in multiple areas, establishing ecological linkages between their different habitats. As they travel, migratory species also provide ecosystem services to people in many different locations. Previous research suggests there may be spatial mismatches between locations where humans use services and the ecosystems that produce them. This occurs with migratory species, between the areas that most support the species' population viability - and hence their long-term ability to provide services - and the locations where species provide the most ecosystem services. This paper presents a conceptual framework for estimating how much a particular location supports the provision of ecosystem services in other locations, and for estimating the extent to which local benefits are dependent upon other locations. We also describe a method for estimating the net payment, or subsidy, owed by or to a location that balances benefits received and support provided by locations throughout the migratory range of multiple species. The ability to quantify these spatial subsidies could provide a foundation for the establishment of markets that incentivize cross-jurisdictional cooperative management of migratory species. It could also provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts over the sustainable and equitable allocation of exploited migratory species.     

企业技术创新效率双生态模型构建

在分析企业技术创新效率相关研究的基础上,引入“摄取-同化-生长-利用”这一生态过程和能流概念解释企业技术创新效率,利用分形理论将企业技术创新生态分为内外两类生态系统,构建了“一个链条、两类生态、四种关系”的双生态模型。该模型体现了平衡、循环、发展等生态理念和管理哲学思想。梳理了创新生态系统下企业技术创新效率分析思路,为后续理论与实证研究搭建了概念框架。     

区域生态系统服务价值评估方法与GIS表达

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学领域的研究热点,为解决生态系统对人类的重要性提供了量化参考。文章论述了国内外生态系统服务价值的评估方法,分别从静态评估、动态评估和GIS技术应用三大方面进行了归纳分析,提出今后应重点关注生态系统服务价值的时空动态模型开发、评价指标体系与评价方法的标准化制订和生态系统综合管理与应用等方面的研究。     

Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity

The soil environment is likely the most complex biological community. Soil organisms are extremely diverse and contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services that are essential to the sustainable function of natural and managed ecosystems. The soil organism community can have direct and indirect impacts on land productivity. Direct impacts are those where specific organisms affect crop yield immediately. Indirect effects include those provided by soil organisms participating in carbon and nutrient cycles, soil structure modification and food web interactions that generate ecosystem services that ultimately affect productivity. Recognizing the great biological and functional diversity in the soil and the complexity of ecological interactions it becomes necessary to focus in this paper on soil biota that have a strong linkage to functions which underpin ‘soil based’ ecosystem services. Selected organisms from different functional groups (i.e. microsymbionts, decomposers, elemental transformers, soil ecosystem engineers, soil-borne pest and diseases, and microregulators) are used to illustrate the linkages of soil biota and ecosystem services essential to life on earth as well as with those associated with the provision of goods and the regulation of ecosystem processes. These services are not only essential to ecosystem function but also a critical resource for the sustainable management of agricultural ecosystems. Research opportunities and gaps related to methodological, experimental and conceptual approaches that may be helpful to address the challenge of linking soil biodiversity and function to the provision of ecosystem services and land productivity are discussed. These include: 1) integration of spatial variability research in soil ecology and a focus on ‘hot spots’ of biological activity, 2) using a selective functional group approach to study soil biota and function, 3) combining new and existing methodological approaches that link selected soil organisms, the temporal and spatial dynamics of their function, and their contribution to the provision of selected ‘soil based' ecosystem services, 4) using understanding about hierarchical relationships to manage soil biota and function in cropping systems, 5) using local knowledge about plants as indicators of soil quality, remote sensing and GIS technologies, and plant-soil biota interactions to help understand the impacts of soil biota at landscape scale, and 6) developing land quality monitoring systems that inform land users about their land's ecosystem service performance, improve capacities to predict and adapt to environmental changes, and support policy and decision-making.     

复杂生态系统网络:生态与社会经济过程集成研究的新视角

研究了生态系统的结构、功能与过程,提出了生态系统可持续发展的概念模型;明确定义了生态系统网络,提出它由生物子网络、物质循环子网络、经济子网络和社会子网络构成;提出了生态系统网络的层次性、幂律的度分布、鲁棒性、脆弱性与扰动恢复、时空动态性、网络与流的协同演化等性质和特征;建立了流域生态系统网络模型,并对生态与经济过程耦合机制以及基于生态系统网络的集成管理决策进行了分析。     

The application of environmental economics in marine functional zoning and coastal city conceptual planning

There are a lot of functions of marine resources. The various and competing conflicts between different users and different sectors in the use of marine resources will cause the disorderly development of marine resources, and even destroy the marine ecosystem. Marine functional zoning is an effective tool to solve the conflicts. However, there are some shortcomings in the current understanding on marine functional zoning and its practice. In this paper, a case study on the resource-oriented marine functional zoning of Xiangshan Port is introduced. By the principles of resource-oriented and public participation, Xiangshan Port is divided into seven zones, and the main function of the whole port and seven zones are determined by the environmental economics analysis. A case study of Xiamen is also introduced for how to integrate marine functional zoning into a coastal city conceptual planning. Under the conservation principle, resources-oriented principle and so on, the advantages and disadvantages of natural ecosystem, social ecosystem and economic ecosystem are holistically analyzed, the urban orientation of Xiamen is determined as a regional international tourism city, and the whole city is divided into five function zones according to its leading industry -tourism. Resource-oriented marine functional zoning has a long-term guidance for sustainable use of marine resources and development strategy of a coastal city. And environmental economics analysis is an effective tool for resource-orientation.     

谨防物种地理入侵维护区域经济可持续发展

人类历史上外来物种的地理引入对区系经济发展有过积极的作用,由于物种地理引入过程中的“入侵”机制,使得引入种不但不能增加原生地生物区系的物种种类,反而减少了它的生物多样性,加速了原生生物区系的物种灭绝速度,引发水土流失,恶化人类生存环境,增大难以逆转的经济损失隐患,进而制约区域经济的可持续发展,对区域经济可持续发展可能会造成严重的潜在危害。为了维护区域经济的可持续发展,必须谨防物种地理入侵。