促进区域科技创新的财税激励机制探讨——以天津滨海新区为例

科技创新对区域经济的发展具有强大的支撑和引领作用,加强区域创新体系的建设,已成为推动我国区域经济发展的重要举措。而国家财税激励机制的健全和完善,是促进区域科技创新的有效手段之一。本文以天津滨海新区为例,阐述了财税政策激励区域科技创新的作用机理,分析了滨海新区科技创新的现状与区域经济发展的态势,提出了完善财税激励机制,促进区域科技创新与持续发展的建议。     

Technological change and vertical integration

Attention is given first to recent modifications in traditional patterns of vertical integration which suggest broadening the basic concept in several directions. The steel industry is then used to illustrate the variety of pressures tending to alter traditional patterns of vertical integration. After outlining a basic approach to exploring the potential effects of technological innovations on vertical integration in a variety of industries, the analysis considers the prospective effects on such integration of nine major categories of current and emerging technological developments.     

On forecasting of innovations

The forecasting of basic technological innovations is focused. Clarification of the involved key concepts and an analytical framework are given. The forest industry serves as a background and illustration to the discussion. Considerable uncertainty prevails with respect to strategic investments in production in this industry. Industries, technological products, etc. have empirically been shown to pass similar phases of development over time. This life cycle starts with a basic innovation following on a previous invention. Due to competetion from more recent basic innovations the final phase is one of decline. Basic innovations are suggested to be exogenously determined and to cause structural change. The choice of forecasting strategy is suggested to be made dependent on the type of innovation, knowledge base, and life cycle position.     

On the way to creativity: Engineers as intrapreneurs in organizations

Organizations often hide creativity and talent. This paper describes how to make engineers active in the field of intrapreneurship within large firms where they often are employed in R&D. This development is seen, in Europe at least, most desirable by the companies today. Technology has an extensive impact on the society and economy nowadays, and it is important to study how technological innovations appear and who is behind them. Entrepreneurship and organizational intrapreneurship are, in many cases, the basis of technological innovations and firm renewal. Engineers are the company's special professional workforce that has the role to produce and develop innovations. Since the world of high-tech companies needs the cooperation of many experts, engineers must be able to cooperate well with other fields of expertise such as marketing, research and development as well as external suppliers and service providers. Also, innovations today often ask not only for unique technical knowledge but also social knowledge to make these innovations meaningful. In this sense, social innovation parallels technical innovation. Thus, in this paper we explore the origins of the intrapreneurship capacity in engineering settings of hightech firms, thereby concentrating on three issues: Who is the intrapreneur and the engineer-intrapreneur in particular? What kind of managerial and organizational support is required to facilitate the intrapreneur's upcoming? What are the educational and work related consequences for practical intrapreneurship tool development?     

Regulation and technological change in the American meat industry

The effects of regulation upon technological change in the American meat industry in the period between 1950 and 1978 are examined in terms of the relationship between three alternative models — neoclassical, X-efficiency, and technological exogeneity —and the behavior of regulatory agencies. The paper is based upon patent data, equipment approvals by the United States Department of Agriculture and interviews with meat equipment and meat processing firms. Each theory was found to account for some of the observed transactions between regulation and technological change. Conversely, no single theory encompasses all observed effects.Regulations have added to the cost of developing new products. Increased uncertainty in the late 1970s over the standards sought by regulatory agencies have similarly increased the uncertainties of the profitability of R&D in selected product lines. This uncertainty was also found to be inducing firms to substitute product development via mergers for their own R&D. The Humane Slaughter Act was the proximate spur for technological advances that lead to a rationalization of production processes. The innovations that resulted from this act and from other regulatory standards highlighted, in accordance with the X-efficiency framework, technological opportunities that existed prior to and independent of changes in regulatory standards. Much of the momentum for technological change in the industry was shaped by an initial set of technological advances and the subsequent working through of production bottlenecks in an interrelated production system. These advances were largely independent of and unaffected by regulatory standards.Indeed, there is reason to believe that regulatory standards may themselves have an element of endogeneity in terms of the feasible set of best practice techniques. Thus at any particular time, technological change may serve to generate a production frontier towards which a regulatory agency might seem to propel an industry.Overall, our judgment is that regulation had little discernible impact on the pace of technological change related to the production and distribution of ground beef in the period between 1950 and 1978. If there has been any net effect, regulation probably served more to stimulate than to inhibit technological change.     

When does inward technology licensing facilitate firms' NPD performance? A contingency perspective

Many firms find inward technology licensing (ITL), as a means to access external technological knowledge, an effective and relatively inexpensive way for new product development (NPD). However, although the literature has suggested some advantages and disadvantages of ITL with respect to NPD, the relationship between ITL and licensee firms' subsequent NPD performance has not yet been found convincingly evident. Sharing with many other likeminded scholars and practitioners, we believe that the dynamics between external knowledge, internal capability, external environment, and firm performance should be investigated through a contingency perspective. Thus, this study posits that a firm's propensity to develop new products through ITL is contingent upon two categories of contingency factors that are internal and external to firms. Using a dataset containing information about Chinese firms' licensing activities, we find support for our hypotheses: the positive relationship between ITL and NPD performance of a licensee firm is moderated by firms' absolute and relative absorptive capacity and the knowledge endowment in the region where the licensee firm operates.     

Environmental technical and administrative innovations in the Canadian manufacturing industry

This paper explores whether the adoption of an EMS and/or TQM, both administrative innovations, lead to the development of cleaner technological innovations. We draw on the stakeholder influence literature and Daft's (1978) dual core model of organizational innovation to determine the factors affecting a facility's decision to undertake cleaner technological innovations. Using Canadian facility level manufacturing data, we find that an EMS reduces the likelihood that a facility will implement environmental technologies that change the production process (clean technologies) while TQM increases the likelihood that the facility will implement clean technologies. We also find that administrative pressures (corporate headquarters and shareholders/investors) have no impact on technological innovations while external stakeholders such as regulators, community groups and environmental groups as well as customers and suppliers each increase the likelihood that facilities will use cleaner technologies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

国企技术创新误区探析

文章描述并分析了人们对技术创新的普遍误解及技术发展的常见障碍,以帮助大家掌握技术创新动态,促进国有企业革新。     

A description of some factors affecting technological innovation in industry in the United Kingdom and some remedies to improve the climate

The change of innovation and its successful implementation at the industrial levels are important features of economic development and, therefore, are of great significance for the future of industries. This paper concentrates on the analysis of the past performance of industries in the U.K., which has shown a decline in technological innovation and international trade when compared to other industrial countries. The first section of the paper considers the channels for exploration of new technology with the aid of established companies, new companies and the public sector. The second half of the paper considers the factors affecting technological innovation such as economic conditions, size of market, sources of finance, patents and licensing. The paper concludes with several suggested recommendations for policy changes to improve directly or indirectly the incentives for technological innovation in the industries of the U.K.     

Responsible Innovation Toward Sustainable Development in Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises: a Resource Perspective

What resources do small enterprises need to develop responsible innovations that enhance sustainable development? Does lack of resources prevent innovation toward sustainability in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) or can innovations be created with scarce resources? This study investigates environmentally and socially responsible innovations of SMEs from a resource perspective, based on empirical data from 13 Nordic SMEs. The findings indicate that SMEs can create responsible innovations with very different resource combinations. The most common resource combination comprises equity, research and development cooperation, networks, industry knowledge and reputation. Except for financial capital in the form of equity, which appears a necessary condition for responsible innovation from SMEs, resource needs vary between technological and business model innovations. Creating business model innovations appears to be possible with scarce resources, at the very least with equity and social capital. Environmental technology innovations call for more abundant resource combinations. In particular industry knowledge appears to be a key resource for such innovations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

后金融危机时代我国钢铁行业发展战略

对在目前全球金融危机中我国钢铁行业存在产能过剩、出口大幅下滑、进口铁矿石价格形成机制不合理、主要原材料不断上涨等广大钢铁企业所关心问题进行了深层次剖析;结合行业现状和国家对行业发展的新要求,探讨行业在后金融危机时代如何通过科技创新、产业结构调整和大力发展节能环保型循环经济来消除金融危机对行业的影响,为我国钢铁行业的科学、健康、可持续发展提供参考。     

Influence of subcontracting on innovation and economic performance of SMEs in Indian automobile industry

Trans-national corporations (TNCs) expanding their production bases to developing countries having better conditions of manufacturing and domestic markets provide increasing opportunities for local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to have subcontracting relationships with these TNCs. Even though some theoretical and a few empirical studies throw light on the nature of assistance provided by TNCs to local SMEs through subcontracting relationships, none of the studies so far quantitatively analysed the role of this assistance on the innovative performance of SMEs leading to better economic performance. This paper probes the extent and diversity of assistance received by SMEs from a TNC through subcontracting and its influence on technological innovations and economic performance of SMEs, in the Indian automobile industry. Indian SMEs were able to receive mainly product related and purchase process assistance, thereby implying that subcontracting is largely confined to purchase–supply relationships. However, assistance received through subcontracting is beneficial as it promoted technological innovations of SMEs: the higher the degree of assistance, the higher the level of innovations carried out by these SMEs, which, in turn facilitated their economic performance. Thus, this paper substantiates in the Indian context that subcontracting relationship with a TNC can be an important source of technological innovations and enhanced economic performance for SMEs.     

Organizing for modern technology and innovation: A review and synthesis

Classical and modern organization designs are reviewed and evaluated in terms of their capabilities for handling radical or major innovations. The choice of an effective organization design is shown to be related to the nature of the technological and market environments. Only Type IV organization designs, the modern-integrative organization designs, are shown to have the necessary qualities for handling all the phases in the life cycle of a major innovation. Though difficult- to implement and maintain, Type IV organization designs are shown to be a potent tool for those modern managers who fully understand how to use them.     

浅论工程监理工作中的量化考核

随着经济的快速发展,科技的不断进步,工程监理这一新兴行业也迅猛发展起来。而工程监理质量的好坏直接影响着工程的质量,本文对如何完善的工程监理制度,如何制定切实可行的量化考核方法,如何把监理的管理真正落到实处进行深入分析,从而为促进工程建设工作有效发展。     

Realizing innovation in services

This article describes a number of innovation forms that are of special relevance to firms in the service industry. Not only technological innovations but also organizational innovations have been distinguished. In the service industry organizational innovations seem to play a significant role. The literature on innovations makes little mention of new organizational arrangements in services. Based on the service management literature a scheme with three forms of organizational innovation and one form of technological innovation is developed. This scheme is illustrated and elaborated in ten case studies of firms in various service industries. The case studies shed some light on innovations in multi-unit forms, combinations of services and co-operation with customers. On a basis of the service management literature and the case studies some of the main processes supporting the (organizational) innovations are analysed.     

技术进步对经济增长的贡献分析

20世纪60年代初的新古典增长理论认为作为外生变量的技术进步对经济增长具有决定作用,并提出了技术进步的测度方法即SR(Solow-Risidual)。在此以后的新经济增长理论同样强调技术进步对经济增长的贡献作用,并进一步将技术进步内生化。在分析了各种主要的肯定技术进步对经济增长影响作用的增长理论基础上,运用计量方法测度了中国1996年以来的技术进步对经济增长的贡献。     

The Diffusion of Innovation in Home Building

Studies of housing demand and finance have dominated recent empirical research related to the housing industry. Housing supply has received considerably less attention, and empirical studies exploring the determinants of technological progress in the housing industry are quite limited. This paper investigates the factors that influence the propensity to adopt ten innovative methods and materials for a sample of 417 individual home building concerns obtained from the 1987 NAHB Builders' Profile Survey. A diffusion index reflecting the number of innovations used serves as the dependent variable in an ordered probit framework. Explanatory factors include economic conditions, characteristics of the firm and its operating head, the type of construction, and institutional and regional variables. Alternative specifications accurately predict the number of innovations adopted for about 32 to 34% of the sample. The estimation results suggest that firm size, type of construction, and regional effects are the key determinants of the propensity to adopt the innovations examined in this study. We find some evidence that demographic characteristics of a firm's operating head influence diffusion. Our results do not support the hypotheses that fragmentation reduces the likelihood of adopting innovations or that unionization of its employees affects a builder's propensity to adopt innovative methods and materials.     

To sell public or private goods

Review of Economic Design - Traditional analysis takes the public or private nature of goods as given. However, technological advances, particularly related to digital goods such as non-fungible...     

Incumbency and R&D Incentives: Licensing the Gale of Creative Destruction

This paper analyzes the relationship between incumbency and R&D incentives in the context of a model of technological competition in which technologically successful entrants are able to license their innovation to (or be acquired by) an incumbent. That such a sale should take place is natural, since postinnovation monopoly profits are greater than the sum of duopoly profits. We identify three key findings about how innovative activity is shaped by licensing. First, since an incumbent's threat to engage in imitative R&D during negotiations increases its bargaining power, there is a purely strategic incentive for incumbents to develop an R&D capability. Second, incumbents research more intensively than entrants as long as (and only if) their willingness to pay for the innovation exceeds that of the entrant, a condition that depends critically on the expected licensing fee. Third, when the expected licensing fee is sufficiently low, the incumbent considers entrant R&D a strategic substitute for in-house research. This prediction about the market for ideas stands in contrast to predictions of strategic complementarity in patent races where licensing is not allowed.     

Channels of R&D spillovers: An empirical investigation of Swiss firms

Research and development (R&D) spillovers are, potentially, a major source of endogenous growth in various recent ‘new growth theory’ models. According to these models, firms engage in R&D in order to seek rents. Public aspects of this R&D then spill over to other firms, thereby creating increasing returns relating to scale and long-term growth. The actual mechanisms by which spillovers occur has, however, not been systematically studied. In order to provide empirical facts on this issue the paper investigates the effectiveness of various channels of R&D spillovers. The analysis is based on a survey conducted among 358 Swiss R&D executives representing 127 different lines of business, mainly in the manufacturing sector. The results can be summarized as follows. First, undertaking independent R&D was perceived by the R&D executives questioned as the most effective channel of R&D spillovers at the intra-industry level. This was followed by reverse engineering for product innovations and the utilization of publications and information from technical meetings for process innovations. Second, learning methods that rely on interpersonal communication were judged as moderately effective in the following order of importance: (i) publications and technical meetings; (ii) conversations with employees from innovating firms; and (iii) hiring away employees from innovating firms. The last method, especially, is not valued as effective in the Swiss context. Third, learning methods related to the patent system—licensing technology and patent disclosures in the patent office—were seen as moderately effective or not effective at all. Fourth, the effectiveness of the various channels of R&D spillovers varies from one industry to another. Fifth, the various channels of R&D spillovers can be reduced to subgroups, so that patterns of learning of competitive technology can be established.