公平偏好理论在国内外的应用研究

近年来,公平偏好已成为行为经济学与激励理论的研究热点,大量的博弈实验证实了公平偏好这一心理特征的存在,公平偏好就像自利偏好一样影响着人们的经济行为,文章就这一理论的国内外应用现状进行研究综述.     

留守儿童的竞争偏好:基于自我竞争的视角

儿童的竞争偏好是一种重要的非认知能力,对儿童早期人力资本形成至关重要。已有研究发现,在社会竞争（与他人竞争）情境中,留守儿童和非留守儿童存在竞争偏好差异。文章基于实地实验,从自我竞争的视角进一步探讨留守儿童的竞争偏好。结果表明：在自我竞争情境中,留守儿童和非留守儿童之间无论是在竞争偏好方面,还是在为自己设定任务目标方面,都没有显著差异。这意味着,父母缺席主要影响儿童的社会竞争态度,对儿童挑战自我或自我提升的意愿影响并不显著。在不涉及社会交往的竞争时,留守儿童和非留守儿童一样具有较高的进取心。     

互惠、信任与治理效率——基于比较制度实验的研究

传统的契约理论基本上都是以自利偏好为基础,然而大量实验研究和经验证据都表明,一部分人具有社会偏好,这部分人在经济交往中,不仅仅只关心自己的物质收益,同时还关心他人的收益状况或行为动机,这一点对于人们的市场竞争、组织合作和契约治理行为具有重要影响.本文的目的在于使用比较制度实验的研究方法考察互惠、信任等社会偏好及其作用机制对几种典型治理结构治理效率的影响.实验发现,与社会偏好互补的治理结构可以提高治理效率,而将社会偏好挤出的治理结构却会降低治理效率.     

农户禀赋异质性对风险偏好的影响研究——来自广东集体林区的实证检验

文章以广东省集体林区320户农户为研究对象,以经济学实验下测度的农户风险偏好为研究基础,采用多元线性回归法分析农户禀赋特征对其风险偏好的影响。研究结果表明,农户的性别、年龄、受教育程度等个体禀赋;家庭财富、非农务农人数等家庭禀赋对农户的风险偏好产生不同程度的显著影响。由此对提出进一步深化集体林权制度改革,落实相关林业优惠政策,吸引外流的年轻劳动力回乡发展林业;针对农户资源约束和风险偏好,帮助农户认识风险,推广不同风险等级的林业项目、新技术和新型林业金融产,设计多元化林业保险产品等建议和对策。     

信任的测度

信任在人类社会关系中扮演着重要的角色,被认为是合作秩序的基石、社会维系正常运行的润滑剂。本文讨论了两种信任测度方法的区别及其一致性问题,讨论了信任行为背后的个体偏好——主要包括涉他偏好和背叛规避偏好的分解与测度问题,最后介绍了浙江大学跨学科社会科学研究中心（ICSS）针对中国被试所做的信任测度实验及结论。     

大学生创业风险偏好逆转影响因素的实证分析

创业意向及其影响因素的研究,是创业学的理论热点和应用基础。借鉴风险经济学和行为经济学的现有研究成果,利用方差分析和Logistic回归模型,探讨了大学生创业风险偏好的逆转现象及其影响因素。研究表明：信息及其完备程度、信息呈现的方式对于大学生创业风险态度偏好的逆转都具有显著的影响。结论对大学生创业的理论和实践,尤其是相关扶持政策的制定和实施,都有着十分重要的意义。     

企业融资偏好解析——基于农业上市公司的实证数据

自MM理论以来,企业融资行为的理论与实证研究不断深入.大多国内研究文献认为我国企业融资行为具有明显的股权融资偏好.文章运用新的研究思路与方法,对我国农业上市公司的融资偏好与融资结构特征分别进行了实证研究,结果发现虽然融资结构特征体现出明显的股权融资依赖性,但企业并不具有股权融资偏好.     

投资者风险规避度与量化宽松的中长期利率效应

为什么日美两国量化宽松对于各自中长期利率的影响效果呈现显著差异?文章基于preferred-habitat theory(偏好习惯理论)探讨了一个长期被忽略的影响因素——投资者风险规避度。根据偏好习惯理论,文章认为减少长期债券的供给的确能够降低中长期利率(文章称之为供给效应),但供给效应的大小取决于投资者风险规避度。文章运用两种方法计算比较了日美两国投资者风险规避度,结果发现各自量化宽松期间日本投资者的风险规避度远小于美国投资者。进一步地,文章的实证检验证实,量化宽松的供给效应存在于不同国家,且与投资者风险规避度确实存在一定程度的正相关关系,从而证明了偏好习惯理论。更为重要的是文章发现美国量化宽松的供给效应显著高于日本,这说明投资者风险规避情绪确实是造成两国量化宽松的中长期利率效应差异的关键因素。     

投资者风险规避度与量化宽松的中长期利率效应北大核心CSSCISSCI

为什么日美两国量化宽松对于各自中长期利率的影响效果呈现显著差异?文章基于preferred-habitat theory(偏好习惯理论)探讨了一个长期被忽略的影响因素——投资者风险规避度。根据偏好习惯理论,文章认为减少长期债券的供给的确能够降低中长期利率(文章称之为供给效应),但供给效应的大小取决于投资者风险规避度。文章运用两种方法计算比较了日美两国投资者风险规避度,结果发现各自量化宽松期间日本投资者的风险规避度远小于美国投资者。进一步地,文章的实证检验证实,量化宽松的供给效应存在于不同国家,且与投资者风险规避度确实存在一定程度的正相关关系,从而证明了偏好习惯理论。更为重要的是文章发现美国量化宽松的供给效应显著高于日本,这说明投资者风险规避情绪确实是造成两国量化宽松的中长期利率效应差异的关键因素。     

西方公平偏好理论研究综述

“自利”假设是经济学的基本假设之一,实验经济学采用一系列经典的博弈实验来验证这一假设,发现这一假设与人们的实际行为存在系统偏差,并将此归因于人们的公平偏好。实验还显示,公平偏好具有重要的经济学意义。据此,新的理论模型沿着两条思路来解释公平偏好:第一类理论模型认为人们注重分配结果公平;第二类理论模型则认为人们具有“对等”意图。本文对上述实验和理论研究进行了综述和简要评论。     

农村男性偏好与公共产品建设

男性偏好是导致农村出生性别比例失衡的基础性因素。治理出生性别比例失衡就需要考察农村男孩偏好的根源。生产方式、文化风俗、乡村治理、社会保障及制度的不公正等公共产品的缺失造成了农民生育性别上的男孩偏好。要通过外围的公共产品建设来弱化农村的男孩偏好,让生男生女都一样的观念深入人心。     

Controls and Cooperation in Interactive and Non‐Interactive Settings

Prior research finds that controls that induce cooperation among collaborators on a project increase trust, and that this increased trust increases subsequent cooperation among collaborators. We extend this work by investigating how controls influence cooperative behavior in two settings. The first is an interactive setting where people work together and can benefit from each other's work. The second is a non‐interactive setting where people do not work together directly but where behavior can be observed. We propose that because controls are likely to engender greater trust and reciprocity in interactive settings than in non‐interactive settings, the effect of controls on future cooperative behavior will be greater for controls in interactive settings than for controls in non‐interactive settings. We find that controls in both settings increase future cooperative behavior, but the effect is significantly greater in interactive settings (where reciprocity and trust are more likely to develop). Furthermore, this increased cooperation is observed in an uncontrolled task, suggesting that the control fosters trust in others rather than trust in the control. These findings suggest that the benefits of controls are more substantial in work environments characterized by extensive teamwork and where employees benefit from each other's work.     

留守儿童更信任他人吗?来自实验经济学的证据

文章采用经典的信任博弈框架,用实验经济学方法比较城市儿童、农村留守儿童和农村非留守儿童的信任行为。实验结果发现,农村留守儿童对他人的信任水平显著高于城市儿童,而农村留守儿童和非留守儿童的信任水平没有显著差异。在控制了性别、民族、兄弟姐妹数量等人口学特征后,农村身份对儿童的信任水平有显著正向影响,父母双方外出务工、一方外出务工对信任水平均无显著影响。从被信任度来看,三组儿童中,城市儿童被信任度最低,农村留守儿童被信任度最高,但考虑人口学特征后,农村身份、留守身份均不影响被信任度。结合儿童在利他实验中的表现,文章还发现在利他行为中表现为无私型的儿童比平等型和恶意型有更高的信任水平。研究结果表明与同年龄城市儿童相比,农村儿童而不仅是农村留守儿童更信任他人。     

管理者自利行为与债务融资期限结构研究——基于债权人保护视角

委托代理理论认为公司管理者的利益和公司股东、债权人的利益不可能完全一致,管理者通常以自身利益为出发点做出行为的选择。文章认为这种管理者自利行为分为防御行为和侵占行为两种,并且影响到企业债务期限结构的形成。400多家制造业企业上市公司4年的样本数据回归结果表明,管理者自利行为程度和债务期限结构呈显著的倒"U"型,管理者的防御行为仅体现在债权人利益保护程度较高的少数样本公司中,大部分样本公司的债务期限结构是债权人对风险控制的结果。     

Gender,Sibling Order,and Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education: Evidence from Japanese Twins*

Using information on 1045 pairs of Japanese monozygotic twins, we examined differences in education by considering both the years of schooling (quantity) and the reputation of the last attended school (quality). We found that a difference in learning performance at 15 years of age is one of the key factors determining the differences. We also found that a female eldest child in the family from the 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts averaged 0.54 years less schooling than did her ‘younger’ twin. However, for the same birth cohorts, a male eldest child in the family generally had access to higher‐quality education than his ‘younger’ twin. Nonetheless, as the Japanese economy matured in the 1970s and thereafter, educational differences between twins disappeared, regardless of gender and sibling order.     

The Effect of Household Socioeconomic Status on the Demand for Child Health Care Services

The health of the child is an important factor for proper childhood development. Unfortunately, efforts to improve child health in many countries have not yielded the desired results as many children do not receive appropriate health care, hence contributing to high child mortality and morbidity from avoidable causes. To address this problem, it is important that we understand the factors that drive the demand for child health care services. This study, employing the binary and multinomial logistic regression models, examines the effect of household socioeconomic status on the demand for child health care in Ghana, Kenya and Zambia using data from the 2014 Demographic and Health Surveys. The results indicate that the likelihood of seeking appropriate health care for the child is higher when both parents make decisions. The findings further indicate that the odds of seeking treatment for the child falls with the birth order and age of the child, but increases with household wealth, insurance status and proximity to the health facility. Working women are more likely to demand child health care than their counterparts who are unemployed. Our results, therefore, suggest that improving child health will need the participation of both parents in the household on such decisions. Besides, there is the need to educate parents on the importance of seeking appropriate care for all the children born irrespective of the birth order and age of the child. There should also be deliberate efforts to improve the economic lot of households to enhance their purchasing power and encourage them to participate in health insurance schemes to enable effective utilization of health care services for the child in the efforts to improve child health.     

Motivation of Parent–Child Co‐residence Behavior: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

This paper examines the motivations of parent‐child co‐residence behavior in China using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We test three possible motives: social norms, self‐interest and altruism. We find that social norms play an important role in household co‐residence behavior, showing that the belief that “sons take care of parents” is strong, and children in different birth orders take different responsibilities. Taking the one‐child policy as a natural experiment, we compared co‐residence behavior between only‐child and multi‐child families. This allowed us to test whether children in multi‐child families with wealthier parents more often co‐reside in order to compete for a bequest. We find that parents' wealth is more appealing to children in multi‐child families. The results support the life cycle theory that co‐residence decisions are motivated by self‐interest. We also find some evidence of altruism when parents and children make co‐residence decisions. These findings provide some insights for designing future elder‐support policies in China.     

Multi-province comparisons of digital financial inclusion performance in China: A group ranking method with preference analysis

The Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index of China (PKU-DFIIC) measures the digital financial inclusion (DFI) performance in China from three dimensions: breadth of coverage, depth of use and level of digitalization. This paper extends the PKU-DFIIC to measure and compare the provincial DFI performance in terms of proposing a group ranking method with preference analysis. Specifically, we identify a panel of experts by comprehensively considering all possible importance orders of three dimensions, and formulate a preliminary group decision matrix. Then the preference analysis is carried out with respect to preferential difference and preferential priority. A revised group decision matrix is derived with the expert-specific ranking as the inputs. Finally, a group ranking method is given based on the half-quadratic theory, in conjunction with the consensus index and trust level denoting the level of agreement and reliability of the group ranking. An empirical study using the PKU-DFIIC data from 2016 to 2020 is conducted to demonstrate our method, along with the spatial-temporal analysis of the results and a set of policy implications to promote the DFI development in China.     

制度因素、顾客响应能力与经营绩效——国有与民营企业的对比研究

顾客响应能力是企业战略管理领域的重要能力类型,是企业获取持续竞争优势的关键。文章借鉴制度理论观点,以制度因素的管制、规范和文化认知三大基础系统为理论框架,运用247家企业实证数据,识别并验证适应性组织结构、市场聚焦型组织学习和高管团队风险偏好三类制度因素对顾客响应能力的影响作用,以及顾客响应能力与经营绩效的关系;随后在两类所有制形式下,考察上述关系差异性,深化对制度因素、顾客响应能力与经营绩效关系的理解。