国债金融属性的理论分析

国债属于财政与金融的双重范畴,随着市场化程度的加深,国债的金融属性日益显现。本文分别从金融资产、金融资源、金融功能的角度论证国债的金融属性特征,从本质上认识国债所具有的金融特性,将国债所具有的财政与金融功能有机结合起来才能充分发挥国债的经济功能与效应。     

引入国债期货合约能否发挥现货市场稳定效应?——基于中国金融周期的研究视角

我国国债期货市场能否发挥稳定现货市场功能,金融周期风险是否会改变国债期货市场对现货市场波动的影响,是投资者实施风险管理和监管部门构建市场稳定机制的重要依据。本文通过信息传递机制和交易者行为两个维度探析国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观机理,分析金融周期风险对衍生工具稳定功能的影响,解析引入国债期货合约能否缓解金融周期波动对国债市场冲击,同时关注我国国债期货交易机制改进与现券波动关系。研究发现:(1)我国国债期货市场已实现抑制现货市场波动的功能,金融周期风险会引发现货价格波动,国债期货市场能够降低金融周期的波动冲击;(2)改善现货市场深度和套保交易是国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观路径,国债期货市场增进国债预期交易量流动性、减弱非预期交易量干扰,金融周期低波动区间套保交易稳定作用受到抑制;(3)国债期货投机交易和波动溢出效应助长现货市场波动,正负期现基差对国债波动影响具有非对称特征。     

金融变革中的中国国债市场功能定位与发展策略

国债市场发展与金融可持续发展具有十分密切的关系,中国金融改革的深化更是离不开国债市场金融功能的完善及有效发挥。但转型背景中确立的中国国债市场,其定位存在着重财政筹资和轻金融调控的功能扭曲。因此金融变革对于中国国债市场的发展提出了更为迫切的要求。一方面完善包括立法在内的国债运行与管理制度;另一方面完善国债市场体系。这对于中国国债市场发展而言,至关重要。     

国债的投资功能

国债的投资功能,就是基于国债作为金融商品和信用工具而具有的功能。首先是国债的投资获利功能,因购买持有国债而可以稳定安全地获得投资利润(即利息或价差)。第二,就是国债因其具有最好的流通性和信誉度,而使其成为投资者最佳的流动资产要素之一。当投资者需要将资产转换为资金时,可以利用国债转让获取资金,或利用国债向银行、中央银行进     

国债市场、锚定效应与人民币的国际化——基于美元货币国际循环的经验与启示

货币国际化的关键在于货币国际流动循环的构建。在布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后美元仍然能继续充当国际货币,其必要条件是美元国际循环始终保持有效运行。国际货币载体以商品、技术和金融资产等形式表现出多种循环模式,如当前美元的金融产品主导型。美元国际循环在金融化转型之后,载体已由商品和服务演变为金融产品,回流渠道已由实体部门转为虚拟经济部门,其是否能顺畅取决于货币国际循环中金融产品的供给和需求以及结构关系。国债市场在货币国际循环中起到锚定作用,形成锚定效应促进货币循环。一方面,国债直接作为载体而存在;另一方面,能通过形成国债收益率曲线而成为其他金融产品的"锚",所以国债市场是增加金融产品供给的关键。同时,国债市场对金融体系和宏观经济具有稳定性引导作用,促进国际市场对金融产品的需求。鉴于此,人民币国际化过程中需要重视国债市场对金融体系和宏观经济的锚定效应及其国际货币循环载体的创造功能,从规模、流动性、安全性和开放性等维度促进人民币国债市场发展。     

对短期国债扩容必要性的探讨

短期国债可以同时作为货币政策和财政政策工具使用，其独特的功能是其它金融产品无法替代的。我国在1981年恢复发行国债后，虽然发行额度逐年增加，发行方式、发行手段不断丰富完善，但始终没有解决一年期以内短期国债缺位的问题。到2006年末，我国国债存量达到35．568亿元，短期国债只有1．340亿元，占比不足4％。而人民银行金融宏观调控、市场资金配置、债券市场流动性、利率市场化改革等方面都需要我国大量发行短期国债，增加短期国债占比。可以说，短期国债的缺位已经制约了国债市场的健康发展，影响了金融宏观调控效果。     

净价交易方式下国债避税问题研究

不同报价方式下国债避税方式的不同 作为一个金融产品,国债的优势在于(1)它是以国家财政收入作为担保的,没有还本付息的爽约风险;(2)具有免税的功能,其利息收益不征收所得税,给投资者带来税收方面的优惠.随着我国居民金融意识水平的提高和国债存量的增加,投资者越来越重视国债的免税功能.近几年我国国债发行的规模得到长足的发展,1998年到2002年5年间,累计发行了22577.6亿元,加上长期建设国债达29177.6亿,平均每年发行4515.5亿元,年均增长了28.56%.     

实证，在理论深处探寻价值——基于国债利率期限结构的实证分析

近年来我国逐渐加快国债市场的建设,政策者越来越重视提升国债利率作为市场基准利率的功能。全球金融危机逐渐化解以后,我国以及世界的其他经济体都更加有意识提防高杠杆化、高风险的金融产品的泛滥,接近零风险的国债开始吸引更多的资金流向。此时,对我国国债利率以及国债市场进行更深入的研究不仅有理论上的意义,更具备了现实上的意义。     

国债市场发展与金融风险防范

对于整个金融体系而言,国债市场发挥着核心金融市场的功能,表现为离流动性国债市场对提高金融稳定性、高效率的国债市场对于防范金融危机,部具有极其重要的作用。在此基础上,文章介绍了国偾管理中,以及国债市场运行中可能存在的风险,并就提高债券市场流动性,以及商业银行提高利率风险管理水平提出相关建议。     

基于Matlab背景下国债收益率问题探讨

近年来,金融产品创新层出不穷。金融产品风险和收益越来越受人们的关注。国债作为固定收益类证券之一,如何计算收益率成为焦点问题。本文从MATLAB软件在国债领域应用角度出发,通过国债贴现率计算收益率,来满足用户国债的简单计算需求,以期待对国债投资与定价提供必要的参考。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…