我国治理逃税的阶段性问题探讨

当政府降低逃税的边际收益等于边际成本时，它所决定的逃税数量就是均衡状态下该国政府所允许的水平。目前，我国的逃税处于一个很高的水平，它意味着政府治理逃税所荻取的边际收益大于其边际成本，在现有的物质技术条件下，还存在降低逃税水平的潜力。此时的政策侧重点应放在严厉打击经济犯罪和提高税收征收人员的努力程度上。     

基于经济周期的项目投资策略研究

本文通过基于经济周期的基础上分析宏观经济中边际效率递减规律尤其是资本边际效率递减规律的作用,通过正态分布的项目投资风险收益理论模型,从而在经济周期不同阶段对项目投资提出一些积极的建议。     

预测利率变动对商业银行影响的边际分析方法

在利率市场化发展趋势下,利率变动对银行的成本收益产生影响,准确预测这种影响并及时采取相应策略对提高银行的经营管理具有重要意义.本文基于边际分析方法,提出了预测利率变动对商业银行影响的加权平均边际收益(WAMI)与加权平均边际成本(WAMC)方法与计算公式,该方法提高了预测利率变动对商业银行影响的精确程度.     

边际概念在我国财务管理中的应用

所谓边际概念（ｍａｒｇｉｎ）指的是:存在函数关系的客观现象之间,当自变量每增减变动一个无穷小量Δｘ时,相应因变量的增减变化量为Δｙ,因变量对自变量的边际就定义为Δｙ／Δｘ,即两者的变化幅度之比。在西方经济学中,边际概念指的是企业每增加或减少一个单位投资所增加或减少的收入或成本,相应地形成边际收入或边际成本的概念。它构成微观经济学分析厂商、企业行为的主要用语之一,也是财务管理中的重要概念,贯穿财务管理活动的全过程。无论筹资、投资,还是分配过程中,边际概念都会对我们决策分析起着至关重要的作用。本文主要介绍边际…     

交易费用理论框架下中国网络银行发展研究

网络银行的出现与发展是网络经济和电子商务模式发展的产物,准确地体现了互联网技术和一系列创新制度的互动关系.由于网络银行在初期投入计算机应用软件系统等固定成本后,其边际成本只与信息收集、整理有关,客户越多其边际成本越低,同时随着掌握的客户信息量的增加,网络银行在出售信息产品和提供综合金融服务时,其边际收益反而会上升,这样的结果是使网络银行可以获得一个非常大的盈利空间,所以作为金融机构是愿意致力于网上银行业务的.     

商业银行引入战略投资者定价行为分析

本文主要分析了商业银行引入战略投资者时,战略投资者与商业银行对所参股的定价问题。通过分析,得出在不同边际成本条件下,商业银行股份的定价在边际成本不变条件下战略投资者所支付的价格高于城市商业银行股份的实际价值,该价格会落在一定的价格区间内,而在边际成本可变的条件下战略投资者和城市商业银行将会达成一个最优定价,当存在投资限制时战略投资者往往会选择投资至最高上限。     

需求回暖 美库存或重建

一方面,企业的资本边际成本已处于底部区域;另一方面,下游需求的回暖改善了企业的现期与预期资本边际收益,企业库存建设的加速特征,会推动库存进入重建轨道。这必然给相关行业带来机会。     

银行民营化与过度竞争：以墨西哥银行业为例

一、墨西哥民营过度竞争的表现及后果 “过度竞争”的概念是贝恩1968年在《产业组织》一书中第一次明确地提出了。他将过度竞争概括为低集中度、持续性过度供给或过剩生产能力和经济绩效较差的产业的一种市场结构,过度竞争在经济学中被定义为在不完全市场条件下厂商在边际成本超过边际收益时生产。Shaffer(1993)将银行业在短期     

应用边际贡献分析法进行生产经营决策

边际贡献是销售收入超过变动成本的那部分价值 ,用边际贡献代替利润作为经营决策标准有许多便利之处。边际贡献不仅适用于对单项产品的生产销售进行分析决策 ,同时也适用于对多种产品的生产和销售进行分析决策     

科技保险的外部性与供需双冷

要增加科技保险的有效需求和供给,进而促进我国科技保险的健康快速发展,重点工作应该放在解决其外部性的问题上,使科技保险供需主体在边际收益小于边际成本的情况下得到一定的补偿,最终实现整个社会的福利最大化。     

从边际吸收倾向看中国经常账户顺差形成原因

通过检验边际消费倾向、边际投资倾向和政府边际支出倾向与经常账户的关系,得到消费和投资是经常账户差额的解释变量,而边际吸收倾向出现"拐点"主要是由于边际消费倾向下降。通过观察边际吸收倾向和边际消费倾向的时序变化,认为中国特有的储蓄偏好、体制改革导致不确定性增加等观点均无法解释中国边际消费倾向的下降,而人口结构的变化可能是影响边际消费水平下降的长期和结构性因素。     

Specific Knowledge and Divisional Performance Measurement

This classic by the formulators of agency cost theory discusses five common divisional performance measurement methods—cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, investment centers, and expense centers—while providing a theory that attempts to explain when each of these methods is likely to be the most efficient. The central insight of the theory is that each method offers a different way of aligning decision-making authority with valuable "specific knowledge" inside the organization.
The theory suggests that cost and revenue centers work best in cases where headquarters has good information about cost and demand functions, product quality, and optimal output mix. Profit centers—defined as business units whose managers have responsibility for overall profits, but not the authority to make major capital spending decisions—tend to supplant revenue and cost centers when line managers have a significant informational advantage over headquarters and when there are few interdependencies (or "synergies") between divisions. Investment centers—profit centers in which unit managers are allowed to make major investment decisions—tend to prevail when the activity is capital-intensive and when it is difficult for headquarters to identify the value-maximizing investment strategy.
In evaluating the performance of profit centers, rate-of-return measures like ROA are likely to be effective when unit managers do not have major influence over the level of new investment. But, in the case of investment centers, Economic Value Added, or EVA, is likely to be the most effective single-period measure because it is designed to encourage only value-increasing investment decisions.     

Inflation dynamics with search frictions: A structural econometric analysis

The New Keynesian Phillips curve explains inflation dynamics as being driven by current and expected future real marginal costs. In competitive labor markets, the labor share can serve as a proxy for the latter. In this paper, we study the role of real marginal cost components implied by search frictions in the labor market. We construct a measure of real marginal costs by using newly available labor market data on worker finding rates. Over the business cycle, the measure is highly correlated with the labor share. Estimates of the Phillips curve using generalized method of moments reveal that the marginal cost measure remains significant, and that inflation dynamics are mainly driven by the forward-looking component. Bayesian estimation of the full New Keynesian model with search frictions helps us disentangle which shocks are driving the economy to generate the observed unit labor cost dynamics. We find that mark-up shocks are the dominant force in labor market fluctuations.     

The Elasticity of Taxable Income in New Zealand*

This paper reports estimates of the elasticity of taxable income with respect to the net‐of‐tax rate for New Zealand taxpayers. The relative stability of the New Zealand personal income tax system, in terms of marginal rates, thresholds and the tax base, provides helpful conditions for deriving these estimates. The elasticity of taxable income was estimated to be substantially higher for the highest income groups. Changes in the timing of income flows for the higher income recipients were found to be an important response to the announcement of a new higher rate bracket. The marginal welfare costs of personal income taxation were consistent across years, being relatively small for all but the higher tax brackets. For the top marginal rate bracket of 39 per cent, the welfare cost of raising an extra dollar of tax revenue was estimated to be well in excess of a dollar. Implications of the findings are that: disincentive effects of high top marginal rates can be substantial even when labour supply responses are small; the welfare costs of increases in top marginal tax rates can be high; and announcement effects of tax policy changes can lead to considerable income shifting between time periods.     

SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND DIVISIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

This paper discusses five common divisional performance measurement methods—cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, investment centers, and expense centers—and provides the beginnings of a theory that attempts to explain when each of these five methods is likely to be the most efficient. The central insight of the theory is that each of these methods offers an alternative way of aligning decision-making authority with valuable "specific knowledge" inside the organization.
The theory suggests that cost and revenue centers work best in cases where headquarters has good information about cost and demand functions, product quality, and optimal output mix. Profit centers—defined as business units whose managers have responsibility for overall profits, but not the authority to make major capital spending decisions—tend to supplant revenue and cost centers when the line managers have a significant informational advantage over headquarters and when there are few interdependencies (or "synergies") between divisions. Investment centers—that is, profit centers in which unit managers are allowed to make major investment decisions—tend to prevail when the activity is capital-intensive and when it is difficult for headquarters to identify the value-maximizing investment strategy.
In evaluating the performance of profit centers, rate-of-return performance measures like RONA (return on net assets) are likely to be effective when unit managers have little influence over the level of new investment. But, in the case of investment centers, Economic Value Added, or EVA, is likely to be the most effective single-period measure of performance because it is best designed to encourage value-maximizing investment decisions.     

A neoclassical interpretation of momentum

The neoclassical theory of investment implies that expected stock returns are tied with the expected marginal benefit of investment divided by the marginal cost of investment. Winners have higher expected growth and expected marginal productivity (two major components of the marginal benefit of investment), and earn higher expected stock returns than losers. The investment model succeeds in capturing average momentum profits, reversal of momentum in long horizons, long-run risks in momentum, and the interaction of momentum with several firm characteristics. However, the model fails to reproduce the procyclicality of momentum as well as its negative interaction with book-to-market equity.     

The Marginal Cost of Funds and the Shadow Prices of Public Sector Inputs and Outputs

Existing studies on the marginal cost of funds (MCF) do not incorporate the public sector inputs explicitly. Incorporating labor and capital as public sector inputs raises questions concerning the definition and the usage of the MCF, and its relation to public sector shadow prices. This paper finds that the MCF should be defined based on the excess revenue rather than the gross revenue; that general equilibrium effects on individuals' net income and government's inframarginal expenditures should be incorporated; and that the MCF measures an element in the shadow price that is solely attributable to the marginal financing, justifying the role of the MCF in cost-benefit analysis and tax reform.     

Inventory Investment and the Empirical Phillips Curve

In this paper, we study the Calvo pricing models with finished goods inventory investment to demonstrate that the current inflation can be expressed as a function of the marginal cost of sales, not the marginal production cost, and expected future inflation. Under the assumption that the true aggregate marginal costs are not observable in actual data, we make use of equilibrium conditions for aggregate finished goods inventories to measure the time series of marginal costs, thereby leading to the construction of inflation series on the basis of the Phillips curve. Our results indicate the possibility of a successful fit of the empirical New Keynesian Phillips curve without relying on unit labor cost—a conventional measure of marginal production cost in the literature.     

Deal-to-deal marginal efficiency dynamics of serial US banking acquirers

Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting - This study investigates the changes in the marginal cost, revenue, and profit efficiencies after a series of deals by US acquiring banks for the...