河北省社保基金投资运营的现状、问题与对策

2003以来，河北省社会保障基金的投资、管理、监督等方面已经取得了较大的成绩。全省养老保险扩面续保和退休人员社会化管理服务工作取得重要进展，城镇基本医疗保险覆盖面进一步扩大，基本医疗保险制度稳步实施，失业保险在保障失业人员基本生活，促进下岗失业人员再就业工作中发挥了积极作用，工伤、生育保险制度继续深化改革，社会保险基金行政监督体系和监督举报网络初步建立。     

失业群体再就业政策的国际借鉴

失业群体再就业关系到群众切身利益,也关系到国家发展的稳定大局。发达国家已形成了以提供工作岗位、工作信息及资金扶持为主,包括再就业相关配套措施、提供再就业技能培训服务、制定失业人员社会救助政策等一整套失业群体再就业政策体系。我国应进一步完善失业群体再就业支持政策,完善政府再就业政策的配套机制及建立促进失业群体再就业政策的监督机制。     

我国失业保险基金管理创新初探

我国失业保险基金管理水平较低，管理制度、管理体制、管理机制等方面存在诸多问题，管理创新迫在眉睫。要不断完善法律制度，建立隐性就业者鉴别制度，有差别的支付制度以及失业保障会计制度；进一步提高基金统筹层次，尽快开征失业保障税，最终建立由国家统一协调，各级政府的劳动保障部门实施专业管理的分层次的失业保障管理体制，并建立基金筹集的激励机制、制衡机制、投资风险约束机制和以失业保障促进再就业机制。     

经济大事记(2003.8.16～2003.9.15)

8月17日 劳动和社会保障部宣布,为解除下岗失业人员再就业的后顾之忧,国家将从三个方而完善社会保障体系建设:(1)进一步加强失业保险工作。(2)要以个体工商户和灵活就业人员为重点,鼓励他们参加社会保险。(3)国有企业下岗失业人员以临时性、季节性等灵活方式实现再就业之后,要采取措施帮助他们参加基本医疗保险。     

企业产权性质对失业再就业影响的实证分析

本文利用有关厦门市城镇调查失业登记的样本数据,运用生存模型中的非参数方法和Cox半参数方法,分析了失业者失业前所在企业产权性质对失业者再就业的影响.分析结果表明,国有、集体企业失业者与其他性质企业的失业者在失业持续时间和再就业机会上存在显著的差异,国有、集体企业失业者的再就业机会是其他企业失业者的0.52倍.这一结果可能是由于国有、集体企业失业者的福利依赖、失业者个人责任的认知程度、就业观念、正规部门与非正规部门的社会保险差异所导致的工作机会与接受工作机会的概率降低.因此,促进经济与就业和谐发展、转变就业观念、完善与非正规就业相适应的社会保障,是解决我国失业再就业问题,构建和谐社会的重要途径.     

广东中小企业员工社会保障权益探讨

作为全国建立统一社会保险制度试点省,广东社会保障覆盖面逐步扩大,企业员工参保率稳步提高。但是,中小企业员工的养老、医疗、失业和工伤保险等社会保障权益还不尽人意,需要政府、社会和员工共同努力来建立和完善。     

浅谈我国失业保险对再就业的促进

当前,失业是我国面临的重要问题之一.我国目前的失业保险制度在促进就业方面表现乏力.应借鉴国外的成功经验,改革我国失业保险制度,提高其促进再就业的功能.通过完备劳动就业中介服务体系,完善再就业与自主创业激励机制,加强失业者职业技能培训等,发挥我国失业保险在促进再就业中的作用.     

发挥失业保险制度促进再就业功能的思考

在当前社会发展过程中,我国就业和再就业形势非常严峻,特别是大学生、农民工、困难群体的就业和再就业问题十分突出,如果不能及时有效的解决,则会对社会和谐、稳定带来较大的影响。失业保险制度的出台,在很大程度上缓解了我国就业和再就业的矛盾,由于失业保障制度具有保生活、促就业及防失业的功能,所以针对当前就业和再就业问题,需要我们进一步对失业保险制度进行完善,从而将其促就业功能更好的发挥出来,这对于解决当前就业问题是一项十分重要的举措。文章从加强失业保障制度促进再就业功能的必要性入手,对我国失业保险制度在促进就业方面存在的问题进行了分析,并进一步对完善失业保险制度促进再就业提出了具体的建议。     

城镇失业人口再就业问题分析——以沈阳市为例

随着城市经济的迅速发展,城市中的失业人口大量增加,如果政府对失业人员的再就业问题解决不力,则会带来很多社会问题。本文结合沈阳市的失业人员的现实情况,针对沈阳市再就业培训存在市场化、社会化不高,培训方式简单,培训层次较低等问题,对沈阳市再就业培训的总思路提出了建议和对策,大力发展经济提高,提高再就业培训的专业性,促进再就业工作的顺利开展。     

关于健全失业保障制度以促进就业再就业的研究

文章分析了我国现行失业保障制度在促进就业再就业方面存在的问题,并就如何完善失业保障制度以促进就业再就业功能的实现提出了相应的对策建议,旨在寻求解决失业问题的有效途径。     

Optimal Unemployment Insurance and Employment History

In existing unemployment insurance programmes, it is standard to condition eligibility on the previous employment record of unemployed workers. The purpose of this article is to study conditions under which the efficient contract exhibits these properties. In order to do so, we characterize the optimal unemployment insurance contract in asymmetric information environments in which workers experience multiple unemployment spells. We show that if quits cannot be distinguished from layoffs, it is optimal to condition the benefits paid to unemployed workers on their employment history, in particular, the coverage should increase with the length of previous employment spells.     

充分发挥失业保险促进就业功能的探析

失业保险既是社会保障体系的重要组成部分,又是积极就业政策的重要支柱。20世纪80年代以来,我国逐步建立了失业保险制度,有效保障了失业人员的合法权益,为人力资源体系建立发展提供了有力的保障,对维护社会稳定、促进社会和谐发展发挥了重要作用。然而,由于制度框架的限制等原因,近年来失业保险促进就业的功能体现不明显,出现了失业保险扩面难、基金结余过多等问题,影响到失业保险制度的健康发展。当前,国际金融危机蔓延,给我国经济发展和人民生活带来严重影响,随着部分企业特别是劳动密集型中小企业生产经营困难,就业形势趋于严峻,要求国家实施更加积极的就业政策。从实际来看,失业保险基金实力增强,具备承担促进就业、预防失业的能力。对此,文章通过重点分析云南省失业保险运行状况,结合当前经济形势的需要,并借鉴国外在失业保险制度改革方面的带有共性的经验和做法,指出失业保险应由保障生活、促进就业向预防失业方向扩展,以充分发挥其在人力资源体系建设中应有的作用;同时,根据失业保险属性,提出在政策上要有相对灵活性,建议失业保险对象应扩展到用人单位。     

金融危机背景下我国失业保险制度的功能缺失与制度优化

近年来,我国的就业形势不容乐观,金融危机背景下更凸显出失业保险制度保障功能的缺失。通过制度升级与优化,使失业保险制度的功能从被动事后保障转向主动提前介入,使其定位从“保生活”扩大到稳定就业、促进再就业和预防失业。应成为失业保险制度的改革与发展方向。     

Temporary Layoffs and Unemployment Insurance: Is Experience Rating Desirable?

Abstract. This paper explores how the introduction of an experience-rated system of unemployment insurance affects employment and welfare in a model where implicit contracts between firms and workers give rise to wage rigidities and unemployment. In the literature, it has been argued that experience-rated systems of unemployment insurance may reduce long-term employment as firms anticipate the higher costs of layoffs implied by experience rating. Our analysis shows that the introduction of experience rating may increase or decrease long-term employment but it unambiguously raises welfare.     

长三角一体化进程中人口社会政策的主要差异与协调完善的基本思路

人口社会政策对长三角一体化进程也有影响,不同的政策应采取不同的改革思路和对策。户籍改革的关键是在现有改革的基础上,剥离附加的不合理社会管理功能,加快配套制度的改革;养老保险政策改革的基本思路是探索便于城乡对接并可以跨地区流转的社会保险制度;劳动就业政策改革的出路在于彻底打破城乡劳动力在政策上和制度上的界限;生育政策改革的思路是在稳定低生育水平的基础上,缩小城乡计划生育政策的差异,逐步建立城乡一体的生育政策。     

A new look at the UI effect on transitions from unemployment into wage employment in Spain: the limited duration of the UI benefits entitlement

This article is a new look at the study of the unemployment insurance effect on the transition probability from unemployment into wage employment in Spain. It is found that individuals increase their search effort and reduce their reservation wage as the unemployment insurance benefit entitlement exhaustion approaches, and their exit rate equals that of the unemployed who never got benefits from the exhaustion moment. Financial constraints are not important in Spain. Business cycle affects more to long-term unemployed. And, finally, it is found that the probability of being offered a vacancy decreases with time spent in unemployment, having allowed for unobservable heterogeneity.     

Does public‐sector employment fully crowd out private‐sector employment?

Employment matters for development because it can raise household income, lower inequality, promote economic growth, and contribute to political stability. Many countries have high rates of public employment, but what effect does this have on overall employment and unemployment rates? This paper investigates if and to what extent public‐sector employment crowds out (reduces) private‐sector employment. In particular, we estimate regressions of unemployment or private‐sector employment on two measures of public‐sector employment. The study uses an especially assembled dataset, which is novel for its coverage of a large sample of developing countries as part of a panel of rich and poor countries. Our results point to full or just about full crowding‐out for the entire sample. Unlike previous cross‐country studies, which were restricted to advanced economies, we are able to show that these results also apply to developing countries, although crowding‐out may not be quite as high as in advanced economies. The results mean that high rates of public employment have an offsetting large negative impact on private employment rates and do not reduce overall unemployment rates. With the qualifier that government activities may help the economy in other ways, our results imply that, rather than creating public‐sector jobs, scarce fiscal resources could be better spent on other developmental needs.     

Employment effects of payroll taxes - an empirical test for Germany

This study tests to what degree the incidence of payroll taxes in Germany is on employment and whether in consequence payroll taxes, in particular social insurance contributions, are the culprit behind the growing unemployment problem. Using industry level data for 18 years (1977–1994) a system of five dynamic factor demand equations is estimated. Various simulations indicate that the employment effects of payroll taxes are minimal.     

The beneficial effects of generous unemployment benefits on profits and employment

Theories of the labor market generally predict that high unemployment benefits put upward pressure on wages, thus diminishing the profitability of employing labor and exacerbating unemployment. It remains to be explained why firms agree to contribute to generous schemes (replacement rates for general schemes in Europe and US are in the range 50–85%) that they are often willing to supplement (with sector- or firm-specific schemes that may involve even 100% replacement and long benefit duration). An answer can be found by including in the shirking–efficiency wage model, the hypotheses that workers are risk-averse and that those discharged for misconduct are not eligible to benefits. It is then optimal for risk-neutral firms (and for employment) to introduce an insurance scheme with full income coverage and with a duration limited only by the workers' participation constraint (there is no trade-off between level and duration of benefits). The more difficult it is to detect and fire shirkers, the higher is the rent workers enjoy above the competitive wage and the longer is the benefit duration consistent with the participation constraint. This result can be interpreted as a complementarity between the strictness of employment protection legislation (EPL) and the duration of benefits, which seems to conform with broad patterns observed in primary vs. secondary employment and in continental Europe vs. Anglo-Saxon countries.     

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE AND EXPERIENCE RATING: INSURANCE VERSUS EFFICIENCY*

Unemployment insurance (UI) distorts firms' layoff decisions by reducing the cost of laying off workers. To dampen this increase, it has been suggested that UI should be financed with an experience‐rated tax. Despite the fact that increasing the level of experience rating can reduce unemployment, it can reduce the insurance coverage workers receive. With high experience rating, firms may reduce their severance payments by more than the UI benefit. We build a model where competitive firms offer contracts with severance payments to risk‐averse workers. Frictions in the labor market lead to incomplete insurance. This article shows that less than full‐experience rating enables the government to increase the insurance coverage workers receive. Welfare implications are also investigated.