中国通货膨胀的变动特征——一组基于CPI的宏观经济变量统计分析

CPI(居民消费价格指数)作为通货膨胀的测度指标,透过其可以分析宏观经济运行和经济管理中的问题。本文运用基本的统计分析方法研究发现,中国的通货膨胀率受到货币供应量的影响,货币政策对通货膨胀的影响存在6-8个月的时滞效应;中国经济的快速增长也是形成通货膨胀的原因之一;居民的收入和消费水平对通货膨胀也存在影响作用;中国的通货膨胀率和失业率之间关系呈现出一定的菲利普斯曲线特征,这些特征在不同的历史阶段表现不同。     

基于多元线性回归的企业信用违约率测度模型的构建研究

准确测度企业信用违约率是新巴塞尔框架下内部评级法中初级法的基本要求。本文针对企业信用违约率测度存在的问题,提出通过等级违约率到企业违约率的转换,运用多元线性回归方法得到一个简明的违约率测度模型,经统计检验模型是有效的。目前文献中还未见有用模型的方法测度违约率,为今后更精确测度企业信用违约率提供了一个全新的视角。     

基于国际比较的中国消费视角贫困标准构建研究

我国农村贫困标准是基于收入视角的绝对贫困标准,世界银行制定的贫困标准属于消费视角的绝对贫困标准,经济合作与发展组织制定的贫困标准属于收入视角的相对贫困标准。基于CHNS数据进行的实证分析表明,基于不同视角贫困标准测度的我国农村贫困程度差异很大,对不同视角贫困标准进行简单数量关系转换和基于边际消费倾向推算后的对比并不严谨,用农村居民人均纯收入作为我国农村贫困标准的标识指标也存在缺陷。基于消费视角构建贫困标准和扶贫标准存在诸多优势和可行性,可分阶段推进该项工作。     

福利测度方法的研究述评

文献中主要的福利测度方法可分为三类:基于国民经济核算体系及其扩展的单一指标测度方法;基于生活质量和社会发展的指数测度方法;基于生活满意度的测度方法。这些方法从不同角度展现了学术界测度福利的智慧。尽管它们在指标性质、权重分布、开发背景等方面存在一定差异,但彼此之间并没有绝对的优劣之分,也不能完全相互替代。从核算意义看,福利测度方法仍然有较大的完善空间。     

中国通货膨胀率及其波动关系分析

有关通货膨胀率和通货膨胀率波动影响关系,存在F riedm an-B a ll和Cuk ierm an-M e ltzer两种假说,即存在通货膨胀率及其波动的相互影响关系。使用GARCH和TGARCH模型,选择中国1993~2004年月度通货膨胀率数据,检验结果表明F riedm an-B a ll假说成立,稳健的货币政策对经济发展有积极作用。     

产学研合作绩效评价研究——基于合作过程的模糊积分分析

基于过程管理的视角考量产学研合作绩效的评价问题,建立了测度产学研合作过程有效性的评价指标体系,鉴于指标数据之间存在着相关性,采用了基于模糊积分的评价方法,并通过实例进行了验证。     

我国通货膨胀率与经济增长的相关性研究

基于我国1996年1月至2008年3月的通货膨胀率和工业增加值增速数据,运用单位根检验方法和Granger因果检验法,对我国通货膨胀率和工业增加值序列之间的相关关系进行实证检验.研究结果发现,在我国经济运行当中,通货膨胀率与经济增长之间存在显著的正向相关关系,这意味着我国不存在货币政策中性.适度的通货膨胀在一定程度上是有助于经济增长的.     

长江中游城市群城镇化效率评价及时空分异

从新型城镇化与高质量发展的视角,构建长江中游城市群城镇化效率的时空分异测度指标体系,采用三阶段DEA模型,剔除环境因素和随机因素的影响测度城镇化静态效率,并进一步使用DEA-Malmquist模型测度城镇化动态效率。研究表明:(1)部分城市的城镇化过程存在低效率问题,其资源配置与利用水平不完全合理,生态环境问题仍然不同程度存在。(2)存在一定的能源浪费现象,全社会用电量的投入冗余程度在所有要素中最高。(3)总体上来说长江中游城市群全要素生产率在2009—2018年是上升的。最后提出相关政策建议:加强污染治理与宏观管理,提高土地利用率与空间聚集水平,优化产业结构。     

技术创新扩散动力机制及测度研究

本文基于技术创新扩散传播和驱动的双重视角下研究技术创新扩散的动力机制。首先,围绕创新主体和创新客体基于技术创新扩散方式的视角提出了技术创新扩散传播机制,并应用Bass模型对其传播机制进行测度；围绕创新主体、创新客体和创新中介基于技术创新扩散驱动要素的视角提出了技术创新扩散的驱动机制,并应用空间计量模型对其驱动机制进行测度。其次,运用2001-2018年中国五类城市(288个地级以上城市)的ICT数据对其创新扩散传播机制和驱动机制进行实证分析。结果表明：Bass模型能够有效测度五类城市ICT创新扩散的传播机制,且五类城市之间存在显著差异；面板数据固定效应动态SAR模型能够更全面测度五类城市ICT创新扩散驱动机制,时间、空间和时空滞后效应驱动显著,同时从宏观、中观和微观等视角测度并分析了对五类城市的驱动效果,得出一系列有价值的研究结论。     

通货膨胀与收入不平等——基于省域面板数据的研究

基于我国内地26个省份1995年—2010年的面板数据,采用HP滤波方法得到预期通货膨胀率和未预期到的通货膨胀率,通过构建计量模型,运用面板数据最小二乘法对通货膨胀率、预期通货膨胀率以及未预期到的通货膨胀率对收入不平等的影响作用进行估计。研究发现,通货膨胀率与预期通货膨胀率都显著的扩大收入不平等程度,其作用是稳健的;未预期到的通货膨胀率显著的缩小收入不平等程度,其作用是稳健的;预期通货膨胀率对收入不平等的影响是随时间波动的;未预期到的通货膨胀率对西部地区收入不平等的影响不显著,方向也不稳定。计量分析的结论与理论模型是较为一致的。     

Capacity utilization rates and unemployment rates: are they complements or substitutes in warning about future inflation?

This research examines capacity utilization as a measure of economic slack in the US economy. Many macroeconomists have questioned the use of capacity utilization as a measure of economics slack on several fronts. The first issue revolves around the definition and accuracy of measurement of the capacity utilization rate in the US economy. Since this research use existing Federal Reserve measures of capacity utilization no insights into the definition and measurement issues are offered other than the fact that a consistent role is found for two different Fed measures of capacity utilization in explaining inflation. The second issue effectively involves the concern as to robustness of the link between the capacity utilization rate and inflation. It was found that there is indeed reason for the Federal Reserve to take note of changes in capacity utilization when trying to determine its policy position with regard to inflation. Clearly, the high capacity measure developed in this research offers distinct information about the inflation process. The third issue raises the question as to whether the capacity utilization and unemployment rates are complements or substitutes in the inflation equation. Both rates tend to provide similar information regarding price changes at low levels of aggregate resource usage. However, as resource usage in the economy becomes increasingly close to its maximum potential, the labour market impact on inflation, as capture by unemployment rate measures, is distinctly different from that of capacity constraints. Finally, if the capacity utilization rate is indeed a useful measure of inflationary pressure, is there a threshold level of the capacity utilization rate above which policymakers should become particularly concerned about the potential of accelerating inflation? It was found that across two measures of inflation, the widely discussed capacity threshold level is in the 84-85% range.     

The relationship between the inflation rate and its variability: the issues reconsidered

This paper empirically reexamines the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the inflation rate and its variability. The sample consists of 66 countries for the 1955–85 sample period. Using pooled cross-section time series data, empirical tests are performed for nine different country-groupings ranging from the G–7 developed countries to a group of 10 developing Asian countries. Several important conclusions can be derived. First, irrespective of the variability measure employed, the results indicate the presence of a significant positive relationship between the inflation rate and its variability. This provides strong support to Okun's hypothesis. Second, this relationship is stronger during the flexible rather than the fixed exchange rate period. Third, there appears to be an optimum zone of inflation rate within which the predictability of inflation is at its highest and hence uncertainty cost is at its lowest. For the 1955–85 sample period, this optimum zone of average inflation rate lies in the range of 5 to 7 percent.     

中国通货膨胀及其波动性关系的实证研究

本文利用GARCH模型生成中国通货膨胀波动性的衡量指标,并实证分析1983年1月至2010年4月中国的通货膨胀与通货膨胀波动性之间的关系。结果表明:在中国,通货膨胀率是通货膨胀波动性的Granger原因,通货膨胀对通货膨胀波动性有稳定的正向影响关系,同时相同强度的通货膨胀冲击远远大于通货紧缩冲击对通货膨胀波动性的影响。对中国而言,控制通货膨胀比追求经济增长更重要。     

LINKAGES BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE POLICY AND MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

Using a sample of 104 countries, we study macroeconomic performance from 1973 to 2007. We examine GDP growth, inflation rate, growth volatility and inflation volatility, and their response to a ‘words versus deeds’ measure of exchange‐rate policy, which is obtained by interacting a country's de jure and its de facto policy. For non‐industrialized countries, the highest growth rates and the lowest inflation volatility are associated with countries that pursue fear of floating policy, whereas countries that pursue a matched float policy (de jure and de facto floating) have the highest inflation rates but the lowest GDP volatility.     

The Dynamics Between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty: Evidence from India

This study examines the causal nexus between inflation and inflation uncertainty. In this regard, conventional Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models and Stochastic Volatility (SV) models are used to measure inflation uncertainty and Bai and Perron (Econometrica 66:47–78, 1998; J Appl Econom 18:1–22, 2003) test is used to identify structural breaks in inflation. The empirical evidence derived from the monthly data for the period from June 1961 to April 2011 suggests that the measure of inflation uncertainty obtained from SV model is more reliable than the measure obtained from GARCH model and also the causal nexus between inflation and inflation uncertainty seems to be significantly conditional upon the measure of uncertainty used. The structural break test identifies four episodes of inflation during the sample period, and the causality between inflation and its variability varies across different episodes. The inflation and its variance seem to be independent of each other during the first two regimes that cover the period from 1960 to 1980 and on the contrary, during the later period largely bidirectional causality is observed. Further, inflation seems to exert positive impact on inflation uncertainty, whereas inflation uncertainty has negative impact on inflation.

     

Exchange rate volatility and export performance: a cointegrated VAR approach

During the last decades Norwegian exporters have–despite various forms of exchange rate targeting–faced a rather volatile exchange rate which may have influenced their behaviour. Recently, the shift to inflation targeting and a freely floating exchange rate has brought about an even more volatile exchange rate. We examine the causal link between export performance and exchange rate volatility across different monetary policy regimes within the cointegrated Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework using the implied conditional variance from a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model as a measure of volatility. Although treating the volatility measure as either a stationary or a nonstationary variable in the VAR, we are not able to find any evidence suggesting that export performance has been significantly affected by exchange rate uncertainty. We find, however, that volatility changes proxied by blip dummies related to the monetary policy change from a fixed to a managed floating exchange rate and the Asian financial crises during the 1990s enter significantly in a dynamic model for export growth–in which the level of relative prices and world market demand together with the level of exports constitute a significant cointegration relationship. A forecasting exercise on the dynamic model rejects the hypothesis that increased exchange rate volatility in the wake of inflation targeting in the monetary policy has had a significant impact on export performance.     

The Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables and Relative Price Variability in Greek Agriculture

The purpose of this paper is to present a measure of relative price variability (RPV) among 53 agricultural products and to explore the relationships between RPV, aggregate inflation rate, and changes in economic activity for the period 1962–1997. We also estimate the effects of expected and unexpected components of inflation on price variability. The results show that changes in inflation rate and economic activity have a strong positive effect on RPV, in addition, expected inflation is found to be an important determinant for explaining price variability.     

Trend inflation estimates for Thailand from disaggregated data

This paper constructs a new trend inflation measure for Thailand based on the multivariate unobserved components model with stochastic volatility and outlier adjustments (MUCSVO) of Stock and Watson (2016). Similar to core inflation, the MUCSVO produces an estimate of trend inflation utilizing information in disaggregated data, but also allows for time-varying weights that depend on the volatility, persistence and comovement of the underlying sectoral inflation series. Based on the empirical results, the majority of sectoral weights show significant time-variation in contrast to their relatively stable expenditure shares. Volatile food and energy sectors that are typically excluded from core inflation measures also turn out to help explain approximately 10 percent of MUCSVO trend inflation rate movements. Compared against other benchmark trend inflation measures, we show that the MUCSVO delivers trend estimates that are smoother, more precise, and are able to forecast average inflation over the 1–3 year horizon more accurately both in-sample and out-of-sample, especially since the year 2000.     

Inflation uncertainty revisited: a proposal for robust measurement

Any measure of unobserved inflation uncertainty relies on specific assumptions which are most likely not fulfilled completely. This calls into question whether an individual measure delivers a reliable signal. To reduce idiosyncratic measurement error, we propose using common information contained in different measures derived from survey data, a variety of forecast models, and volatility models. We show that all measures are driven by a common component, which constitutes an indicator for inflation uncertainty. Moreover, our results suggest that using only one individual disagreement measure may be misleading, particularly during turbulent times. Finally, we study the Friedman–Ball hypothesis. Using the indicator, we show that higher inflation is followed by higher uncertainty. By contrast, we obtain contradictory results for the individual measures. We also document that, after an inflationary shock, uncertainty decreases in the first two months, which is traceable to the energy component in CPI inflation.     

Is the slope of the Phillips curve time-varying? Evidence from unobserved components models

This paper formally tests for time variation in the slope of the Phillips curve using a variety of measures of inflation expectations and real economic slack. We find that time variation in the slope of the Phillips curve depends on the measure of inflation expectations rather than the measure of real economic slack. We find strong evidence in support of the time-varying slopes of the Phillips curve with different measures of inflation expectations. Thus, we conclude that the slope of the Phillips curve is time-varying.