农村集体建设用地自发入市的现状与思考

随着经济社会的发展,农村集体建设用地使用权流转已成为发展趋势。目前存在大量农地自发、隐形入市现象,对我国的土地市场秩序造成破坏。为了加强管理,应当改革农村集体土地使用权制度,在所有权不变的前提下,允许使用权流转,建立城乡统一的土地市场;改革征地制度,明确征地性质和使用权;完善征地补偿标准。     

规范农村集体土地使用权流转管理研究

从分析目前农村集体土地使用权流转管理中存在的主要问题着手,就集体土地产权主体和权能、集体土地使用权制度改革、农村土地产权登记和产权转移审批管理、集体非农建设用地地价评估体系、征地补偿标准改革、土地收益分配与使用的监管等方面提出了对策建议,以期达到规范集体土地使用权流转管理、维护土地所有权和使用权者的合法权益、优化土地资源配置、促进土地市场健康有序地发展。     

对构建中国城乡统一的土地市场的思考

建立城乡统一和公开竞争的土地市场,是完善城乡土地统一管理的核心。只有建立城乡统一的土地市场,才能发挥市场对土地资源配置的基础性作用,才能在征地过程中彻底消除集体土地和国有土地的产权歧视,从而从根本上阻止征地冲突。构建我国城乡统一的土地市场应分三步走。第一步,解决城乡统一的土地市场的市场主体问题;第二步,在农村集体土地产权清晰的基础上,推进农村集体建设用地使用权出让市场,农村集体农地承包经营权流转市场和农村集体土地所有权的建设;第三步,农村集体土地和城市国有土地在同权下自由竞争、平等交易,达到自然融合。     

加强监管 规范集体土地流转机制

随着社会经济的发展,农村集体土地使用权如何规范有序流转,已成为深化农村集体土地产权制度改革,探索集体土地所有权新的实现形式,建立完善的土地市场的重要组成部分。     

我国土地征用制度改革及其支撑体系探讨

在分析我国目前土地征用制度的现状及存在问题的同时,总结土地征用制度改革的成功经验和不足,从征地范围、征地补偿和征地程序三个方面提出了土地征用制度改革的构想,探讨了以农村集体土地产权制度、农地流转市场、农地定级估价等为基础的征地制度改革的支撑体系。     

集体土地使用权及集体非农建设用地流转问题分析

集体土地使用权及集体非农建设用地流转问题分析蒋巍巍（大庆市红岗区土地管理局）近年来，随着土地使用制度改革的不断深化及农村市场经济的迅猛发展，集体土地使用权流转日见活跃，由此引发出对集体土地是否进入市场的讨论。这种讨论，对于认识社会主义地产市场的特点，...     

刍议集体土地使用权抵押制度

集体土地使用权主要由土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权和农村建设用地使用权三部分组成。根据现行法律规定,耕地、宅基地使用权禁止抵押,农村建设用地使用权是有条件抵押。鉴于此,现阶段改革重点应突出集体土地使用权的财产性,将其保障性放在次要地位。按照依法自愿有偿原则,在不改变土地集体所有性质、不改变土地用途和不损害农民权益的前提下,探索放开对集体土地使用权抵押的限制。     

关于我国农村集体土地制度改革的思考和建议

农村集体土地产权制度不完整是解决"三农"问题面临的最大障碍,农民增收难、"农民工闲置"、"民工荒"、征地矛盾突出等,已成为当前发展和稳定的最大瓶颈。农村土地产权制度和土地征收制度,是农村经济突围、城乡经济和谐发展的核心和关键,是社会管理升级的大文章。要加快构建适应社会主义市场经济体制要求的现代农村集体土地产权制度,明晰健全农村集体土地权能,建立合理有序的城乡统一的土地市场;加快按照"被征地农民生活水平有提高,长远生计有保障"的要求推进征地制度改革;加快按照"把监管和服务抓起来、把权利和责任放下去"的原则改进征地工作机制。     

土地征收程序中的农民参与问题初探

集体土地征收涉及农地所有权和使用权的改变,关涉农业发展、农村稳定和农民生存权益的保障。而征地权的扩张和滥用,使得征地者"左手违法,右手执法",将农民排斥在征地程序之外;土地征收程序因农民参与权的缺失而缺乏合法性和正当性。积极探索农地征收中的农民参与机制,是完善集体土地所有权立法的一个突破现实困境的对策思路。     

规范农村土地市场促进农村可持续发展

农村土地市场包括农用地市场和非农用地市场。农用地市场即农用土地的使用权流转市场，国家法律已规定，农村集体土地使用权可以依法有偿转让，在2002年颁布、2003年3月1日开始实施的《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》中也明确规定，农村集体土地的家庭承包经营权可以依法采取转包、出租、互换、转让或其他方式流转。土地使用权有偿流转就是一种交易行为即市场行为。非农用地市场是指农村集体土地用于农业以外的建设用途的土地市场。这里主要谈一下农村非农用地市场建设问题。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.