网页设计中CSS样式的应用分析

在网站的前台界面设计中，页面的布局起着至关重要的作用，而对于DIV＋CSS网页布局技术，主要是应用CSS样式来实现页面的布局效果控制。本文从CSS样式应用类型和优先关系两个方面对CSS样式的应用进行了分析。     

探讨XHTML设计标准下CSS+DIV布局技术

本文首先介绍了XHTML设计标准与HTML、XML语言之间的关系,分析了CSS技术和DIV技术的特点,将传统的HTML标准下的TABLE布局的特点与CSS+DIV布局方式进行了对比,通过实例给出了一个使用CSS+DIV布局的方法,同时解决了实例中如何设置层高度自适应的问题。     

高校校园网前端技术的研究与探索

随着网站前端技术的迅速发展,为数不少的高校校园网也逐渐进行了对其站点的改造,踏出了从Table架构到DIV+CSS架构的脚步,但是技术水平比较参差不齐。本文对现有的前端技术进行分析,结合高校自身发展情况,对这一系列问题进行一些研究与探索。     

基于盒子模型的网页布局方法研究

在使用XHTML＋CSS技术对网页进行布局时，一般是将页面中的各栏目按DIV盒子分块，每个DIV里面的内容也是由多个盒子模型所组成，盒子模型的使用对网页的布局起着决定性的作用。     

Anatomy of an instrument tray from central sterile supply to the operating room

One can understand the importance of quality control measures to ensure that instrument trays meet specific standards on a consistent basis. The essence of the role of the quality control supervisor of CSS is to support the surgical services provided in the OR. Since technology is constantly changing, it is paramount that the quality control supervisor keep abreast of new knowledge and improve services to meet the needs of the OR.     

Patient equipment management: integrating a flexible alternative to purchase or lease

As hospital CSS and OR departments work together to manage patient equipment, alternatives to purchase are available that can provide them with needed flexibility and responsiveness. A rental equipment provider that can meet the standards demanded for quality health care can become a valuable asset when developing and refining a hospitalwide equipment management program. But in order to receive the level of quality and service they should expect, hospitals must continually communicate their changing needs while holding their providers accountable to established standards.     

In-house versus off-site sterilization

After a comprehensive review of in-house costs versus off-site sterilization costs, and considering financial and physical constraints, the decision was made to use the contracted service. Through the incorporation of the innovative concept of off-site sterilization. Flushing Hospital Medical Center was still able to provide a high standard of quality care as well as realize a significant cost savings. As hospitals face increasing demands to control costs, they may be forced to explore "uncharted waters" and give serious consideration to the use of outside services for a more efficient and effective CSS department.     

Network Effects and Infrastructure Productivity in Developing Countries*

This study proposes to investigate the threshold effects in the productivity of infrastructure investment in developing countries. It concludes to their presence in the relationship between output and private and public inputs as well as network effects in the productivity of infrastructure. When the available stock of infrastructure is low, investment has the same productivity as non‐infrastructure investment. On the contrary, when a minimum network is available, the marginal productivity of infrastructure investment is greater than the productivity of other investments. Finally, when the main network is achieved, its marginal productivity becomes similar to the productivity of other investment.     

Sources of airline productivity from carbon emissions: an analysis of operational performance under good and bad outputs

This study incorporates carbon dioxide emissions in productivity measurement in the airline industry and examines the determinants of productivity change. For this purpose a two-stage analysis under joint production of good and bad outputs is employed to compare the operational performance of airlines. In the first stage, productivity index are derived using the Luenberger productivity indicator. In the second stage, productivity change scores derived therefrom are regressed using the random-effects Generalized Least Squares to quantify determinants of productivity change. The paper finds low cost carriers and average number of hours flown per aircraft having a positive impact on productivity under joint production model while demand variable negatively impacts on productivity under market model.     

Problems with (dis)aggregating productivity,and another productivity paradox

Using a standard definition of productivity growth, it is shown that a country may have higher productivity growth than another country in each sector, but may have a lower productivity growth rate overall. Also, it is shown that popular methods for aggregating firm/industry estimates of productivity growth have a serious problem in that productivity of all firms/industries can go up, but aggregate productivity can fall. This is not necessarily due to changes in the reallocation of resources across firms/industries. Hence, there are problems for the interpretation of previously published articles which use these methods. There can be inappropriate assessments of the cyclical properties of productivity, and the productivity impact of industry dynamics, micro-economic reforms and regulatory change. Index-number methods that avoid these aggregation problems are introduced.     

Undesirable outputs and a primal Divisia productivity index based on the directional output distance function

Despite their great popularity, all the conventional Divisia productivity indexes ignore undesirable outputs. The purpose of this study is to fill in this gap by proposing a primal Divisia-type productivity index that is valid in the presence of undesirable outputs. The new productivity index is derived by total differentiation of the directional output distance function with respect to a time trend and referred to as the Divisia–Luenberger productivity index. We also empirically compare the Divisia–Luenberger productivity index and a representative of the conventional Divisia productivity indexes–the radial-output-distance-function-based Feng and Serletis (2010) productivity index–using aggregate data on 15 OECD countries over the period 1981–2000. Our empirical results show that failure to take into account undesirable outputs not only leads to misleading rankings of countries both in terms of productivity growth and in terms of technological change, but also results in wrong conclusions concerning efficiency change.     

中国工业环境全要素生产率的来源分解——基于要素投入与污染治理的分析

本文将基于松弛的效率损失测度法与卢恩伯格生产率指数相结合,通过将工业环境全要素生产率指数按照投入要素与产出进行分解,测算中国工业环境全要素生产率的来源。结果发现,2001～2007年中国工业环境全要素生产率有所提高,但受国际金融危机的影响,在2008年下降;工业环境全要素生产率的来源表明,加强污染治理可以有效提升工业环境全要素生产率;投入生产率的来源表明,劳动生产技术的进步是提高工业环境全要素生产率的有效措施;污染治理生产率的来源表明,优先加强COD治理能更有效提升工业环境全要素生产率。     

The Roles of Employer and Employee Characteristics for Plant Productivity

The relationships of worker characteristics and productivity are examined using a matched worker-plant data set from Finnish manufacturing. The panel data are used for estimating productivity and wage profiles according to average age, seniority, and education. We measure productivity using the multilateral total factor productivity index. We find that the wage returns to plant-specific seniority exceed productivity returns when seniority is high. This result supports the hypothesis that human capital is not firm specific, and seniority related wages are used for incentive reasons, but may also be a symptom of sorting or insider influences on wage formation. Plant average age improves productivity more than it increases wage when average age is low, but for higher ages the productivity and wage returns to age are fairly similar. The returns to education in terms of wage and productivity are fairly close to each other for higher levels of education, but mid-level education is underpaid.     

Has agricultural labor restructuring improved agricultural labor productivity in China? A decomposition approach

This paper presents a framework for analyzing the changes in agricultural labor productivity with regards to the structural, land intensity, and land productivity effects. This approach allows for the residual-free decomposition of data from different levels of aggregation. The logarithmic mean Divisia index was applied for the analysis and a data envelopment analysis model was constructed to identify potential gains in agricultural labor productivity due to the optimization of input use and output production. The proposed approach was applied to the case of China over the period of 1997–2017. Province-level data were used to identify the major driving factors behind agricultural labor productivity change. Land productivity change appeared to be the major source of agricultural labor productivity gains in China. The structural change was rather negligible, suggesting that the reallocation of the agricultural labor force did not add to the agricultural labor productivity growth in China. A frontier analysis indicated that agricultural labor productivity could increase by some 45% on average in case full technical efficiency is achieved.     

Does recession drive convergence in firms’ productivity? Evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms

This paper provides evidence on the effect of recessions and expansions on the productivity growth rate of productivity leaders and followers. We use data of a representative sample of the Spanish manufacturing sector for the period 1991 and 2005. These data allow us to estimate firm level productivity for a relatively long period of time and provide us with firm level perception of the business cycle. We find that productivity tends to converge in recessions because, in these periods, the productivity growth of followers is higher than the productivity growth of leaders. This fact is consistent with theoretical models of managerial incentives and competition. A recession can be seen as an exogenous increase in competition that reduces demand and poses a threat of liquidation. This threat is higher for followers and is high enough to create asymmetric incentives to become more productive. We test the robustness of our results to sample selection and different productivity measure.     

Analysis of regional productivity with capital as a quasi-fixed factor

Most existing studies of regional productivity growth do not incorporate the effect of variations in capacity utilization on changes in output. By failing to do so, their factor productivity estimates are biased. To overcome this shortcoming, we adjust multifactor productivity growth measure for changes in capacity utilization. Our technique recognizes that capital is a quasi-fixed factor which implies that capital in the short run can be either under- or over-utilized by a firm. Our results from 1974 to 1978 show that capacity adjusted multifactor productivity growth measure exceeds capacity unadjusted multifactor productivity growth measure for the nine census divisions. The bias in the capacity unadjusted measure of multifactor productivity growth is approximately 8 percent in East North Central and over 33 percent in Mountain. We find that the aggregate factor productivity growth is slowest in the traditional manufacturing belt (Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions). The level of aggregate factor productivity in the manufacturing belt, however, is almost 33 percent higher than in regions in the south.     

A new decomposition and interpretation of Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index for analysis of Stock Exchange companies: Case study on pharmaceutical industry

This paper deals with the productivity index based on Hicks-Moorsteen (HM) productivity index for analysis of Stock Exchange firms. In this paper, a decomposition of Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index is provided that uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. On the other hand, it is offered a new interpretation and decomposition for components of HM productivity index that in previous studies were not performed any interpretation of it. These components have named the output production and the input consumption in terms of changing the efficiency frontier. In addition, by comparing the components of HM productivity index and productivity value, the optimal values of output production and input consumption are determined. Also, the analysis is determined how to identify the optimal value of a firm over a period of time. The proposed approach is applied to 26 pharmaceutical manufacturers that are from Tehran Stock Exchange. Data have been collected for six consecutive years (2009–2014) and have been considered financial ratios for evaluating companies. The results show that the Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index is more able to provide managerial aspects than other productivity indexes such as the Malmquist productivity index.     

Productivity and Trade Orientation in UK Manufacturing*

We show that improvements in aggregate productivity in UK manufacturing during the first years after the implementation of the Euro, by the UK's main trading partners in Europe, are determined by both market share reallocation and within‐company productivity growth. Furthermore, we outline a structural methodology for estimating parameters of a production function linking the unobservable productivity to endogenous company‐level trade orientation, investment and exit decisions. This allows us to back out consistent and unbiased estimates of productivity dynamics by trade orientation of companies within four‐digit UK manufacturing industries using FAME data over the period 1994–2001. Our estimates of productivity dynamics indicate that improvements in aggregate productivity were mainly driven by market share reallocations away from inefficient and towards efficient exporting companies alongside productivity improvements within non‐exporting companies.     

Costly external finance,reallocation, and aggregate productivity

Empirical studies document that resource reallocation across production units plays an important role in accounting for aggregate productivity growth in the US manufacturing. Financial market frictions could distort the reallocation process and hence may hinder aggregate productivity growth. This paper studies the quantitative impact of costly external finance on aggregate productivity through resource reallocation across firms with idiosyncratic productivity shocks. A partial equilibrium model calibrated to the US manufacturing data shows that costly external finance causes inefficient output reallocation from high productivity firms to low productivity firms and as a result leads to a 1 percent loss in aggregate TFP.     

The effect of trade on productivity growth and the demand for skilled workers in Canada

We use an input–output model to examine the effect of trade integration on productivity growth and the demand for skilled workers in Canada for the period 1981–1997. We find that trade integration has a positive effect on both labour productivity and total factor productivity. Labour productivity and total factor productivity grew faster in export and import industries than in the total business sector over this period, and this productivity growth gap has widened over time. Canada is found to have a comparative advantage in capital- and natural-resource-intensive industries, although it has declined over time. We find that trade integration has little effect on the demand for skilled and unskilled workers in Canada.