有机农业与应对气候变化

有机农业是低碳农业的主要模式之一,发展低碳农业是减缓和适应气候变化的有效途径之一。有机农业遵循自然规律和生态学原理,在减少化学物质和化石能源投入的同时,注重物质和能量的循环,直接和间接减少了温室气体的排放,增加碳汇。有机农业是农业应对气候变化的有效措施之一。     

河南低碳农业发展机制和存在问题

低碳农业是指以减缓温室气体排放为目标,以减少碳排放、增加碳汇和适应气候变化技术为手段,通过加强基础设施建设、产业结构调整、提高土壤有机质含量、做好病虫害防治、发展农村可再生能源等农业生产和农民生活方式转变,实现高效率、低能托、低排放、高碳汇的农业。河南作为农业大省,在应对全球气候变化中,实现农业低碳转型是农业可持续发展的必然趋势。     

基于国际案例分析的气候变化因素纳入我国区域规划研究

区域规划作为重要的政策工具,在应对气候变化方面的作用越来越受到重视。运用核查表法、专家打分法等方法,对英国、美国、澳大利亚以及欧盟的26个典型区域规划案例进行了深入研究,并结合我国区域规划现状提出气候变化因素纳入我国区域规划的改进建议。结果表明,区域规划对减缓气候变化主题的关注度更高,减缓气候变化主题中交通、能源和建筑成为关注重点,适应气候变化主题中洪水和绿化主题是关注重点。当前,我国区域规划应确定一个评估其应对气候变化能力的框架和标准。在工业、能源、交通、建筑等温室气体排放重点领域规划实施减排措施。制定区域适应气候变化总体战略,在洪水、水资源等重点领域规划实施适应气候变化措施。     

中国农业低碳发展面临的困境与支持机制探索

在全球应对气候变化的大背景下,发展低碳经济已经成为世界经济社会变革的潮流,更是中国在可持续发展框架下应对气候变化的必然选择。而低碳农业则是低碳经济在农业发展中的实现形式。中国当前农业的低碳发展面临着严峻的挑战,存在诸多问题,针对这些问题,提出相应的对策,建议通过科学引导、调优结构、组织创新、加快立法和科技创新等方面来切实保障低碳农业的良好发展。     

低碳经济与农业可持续发展

"低碳经济"是以低能耗、低污染为基础的绿色经济,是应对气候变暖的必然选择.农业作为国民经济的基础产业,理应积极响应控制气候变暖的"低碳经济".文章论述了农业与气候变暧的相互关系及相互影响,包括农业与温室气体增加之间的关系,以及气候变暖对农业产生的影响.在农业生产和农业可持续发展中,积极采取有效措施应对并减缓全球变暖,是实行"低碳经济"的一个重要方面.     

生态文明视阈下区域低碳经济与现代循环农业发展若干思考

发展低碳经济是应对全球气候变化和解决人口、资源、环境与社会经济发展不可持续问题的重要思路。循环农业,是建设低碳经济的有效途径。大力发展现代循环农业,推动低碳经济发展,对于推动生态文明建设具有重大意义。     

如何通过气候变化资金机制支持发展中国家的减缓适应行动

资金机制是支持发展中国家开展应对气候变化减缓适应行动的关键。由于发达国家缺乏履行公约义务的政治诚意,长期以来在资金问题上同发展中国家展开了艰苦的斗争。随着全球政治经济形势的变化,国际气候融资呈现出主体多元化、渠道分散化的发展趋势。因此,完善与规划气候融资整体框架,充分认识和利用政府作用和市场手段、国际与国内两种资源,建立多元化、多渠道的融资机制,并引导资金在减缓和适应两个领域平衡投入,对推动发展中国家应对气候变化和低碳发展具有十分重要的现实意义。     

气候变化背景下美国温室气体排放许可立法的最新实施规则论析

气候变化及其引起的全球变暖是当前人类面前的严峻挑战,采取经济、技术与法律等手段减少温室气体排放,以减缓、应对和适应气候变化已成为国际社会共识.《联合国气候变化框架公约》及《京都议定书》在国际法层面提供了气候变化的法律框架并规定温室气体减排任务,需要各国建立自己的气候应对法律制度以落实公约的执行.作为温室气体排放大国,美国虽然游离在《京都议定书》减排机制以外,但为发展低碳经济,确保在未来国际经济竞争中的优势地位,应对国际国内减排压力,美国国内气候变化法律制度也在不断发展更新.本文介绍了作为应对气候变化国内法重要内容的美国温室气体排放许可适用法规的最新进展,分析其温室气体排放许可适用新规的特征、发展动因和由此产生的国际国内影响,以期为我国温室气体减排法律规制提供借鉴.     

奥巴马低碳新政的潜在影响及我国应对策略

奥巴马上台以来,为应对金融危机,将刺激经济和应对当前全球气候变化的任务结合起来,推进新能源产业发展和节能减排策略,不断推出低碳政策;奥巴马的低碳政策可以认为是美国政府一改以往小布什在应对全球气候变化政策上的转向。奥巴马这种在应对全球气候变化政策上的转向,其战略目标是什么？对中国会产生什么影响？我国应该采取什么措施应对之。     

中国林业碳汇发展分析

造林就是固碳,绿化等同于减排。森林在应对气候变化中具有减缓和适应双重功能。中国一直把发展林业作为应对气候变化的战略途径。中国林业碳汇具有起步早、资源优势强、竞争优势明显的优势,有着良好的发展前景。针对林业发展与经济社会发展的需求不协调、缺乏全国统一的碳汇计量检测体系、缺乏合理的生态补偿机制等问题提出相对应的解决思路。     

广西低碳农业发展质量测度及其综合评价

发展低碳农业对于当前有效应对气候变化、实现农业绿色低碳循环可持续发展具有重要的实践和理论意义。从农业经济社会发展、要素减量投入、能源低碳利用、资源环境安全四个维度构建广西低碳农业发展质量评价指标体系,在测算广西农业碳排放量的基础上,运用因子分析法测度和评价广西2000—2018年低碳农业发展质量。结果表明,广西农业碳排放量呈上升趋势,其中化肥和翻耕是广西农业碳排放的两大主要碳源,两者合计约占农业碳排放总量的75%;低碳农业发展质量指数随时间推移而逐年递增,主要受农业经济社会发展公因子的推动。在此基础上,分析了制约广西低碳农业发展质量的因素,并提出优化广西低碳农业发展质量的建议。     

Reconciling Economic Growth and Carbon Mitigation: Challenges and Policy Options in China

As the biggest carbon emitter in the world, China is facing tremendous pressure domestically and internationally. To promote the international efforts to tackle climate change, the Chinese government announced its 2020 carbon intensity target and is actively taking part in the international climate negotiations. In this paper, we review some of the climate burden-sharing proposals raised by Chinese scholars to shed some light on China's perspective on the post-Kyoto climate architecture. Then we summarize China's current pollution abatement policies and measures, and analyze some potential policy instruments for China to reconcile its future economic growth and carbon mitigation, as well as some practical design and enforcement issues to be considered for the near term.     

产品碳足迹及其国内外发展现状

气候变化已成为可持续发展的重要议题。低碳经济、低碳生活的号召下,产品生产及消费对环境的影响已渐渐引起人们的重视。产品碳足迹分析有助于企业真正了解产品对气候变化的影响,并由此采取可行的措施减少供应链中的碳排放。对碳足迹、产品碳足迹及产品碳足迹标识的相关概念进行介绍,分析国内、外有关产品碳足迹的发展现状和发展趋势。对社会普及碳足迹概念和引导更多中国企业实施产品碳足迹起到促进作用。     

欧盟碳税政策的经验与启示

随着全球气候变化带来的恶劣影响进一步加剧,减缓和适应气候变化已成为世界各国所关心的重要议题。越来越多的国家采取了各种温室气体减排措施,征收碳税就是其中之一。目前欧盟一些国家已实行碳税,并取得了一定的效果。以芬兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国为例,对这四个国家的碳税情况进行比较分析,以期对中国有所启示。     

低碳交通研究进展与启示

交通运输行业是能源消耗及碳排放三大行业之一,是应对气候变化的重点领域。加快开展低碳交通相关研究,支撑制定交通运输碳减排政策措施,具有重要的理论和现实意义。通过文献综述,梳理分析了低碳交通研究进展,主要分为交通运输碳排放影响因素分析、未来预测与潜力分析、减排措施评估分析、核算方法与评价等研究主题。基于文献梳理分析发现,交通运输碳排放影响因素主要包括经济发展水平、人口规模、交通运输总周转量、交通运输碳强度、城镇化率、城市空间分布、运输结构、交通燃料价格等;交通运输碳排放未来预测和潜力的研究目前以情景分析方法为主;交通运输碳减排措施总体包括技术性、结构性和管理性措施;交通运输碳排放核算方法与评价研究角度和领域跨度较大。目前相关研究存在量化研究影响因素过程中过度聚焦宏观层次因素,部分影响因素研究存在重复解释现象,货运峰值研判、低碳交通投资等主题研究相对有限等不足之处。     

浅析构建中国碳交易市场的基本条件

面对国际社会在应对气候变化政策上施加的巨大压力,中国不得不选择走低碳发展的道路,而构建碳交易市场能带来节能减排,促进低碳经济的发展.文章首先阐述了构建中国碳交易市场的必要性及意义,然后着重提出构建中国碳交易市场所需具备的几大基本条件,以至碳交易市场真正建立运作后,能有效、可靠、持续地发挥其市场作用,真正实现节能减排,发展低碳经济.     

A general equilibrium assessment of climate change–induced loss of agricultural productivity in Nepal

The impact of climate change on agriculture has been one of the most discussed topics in the literature on climate change. Multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have frequently been used to examine the impact of climate change on agriculture. However, these studies do not focus on country-specific issues related to the link between climate change and agriculture. This paper aims to address this gap by investigating the economy-wide impacts of climate change on Nepalese agriculture. Nepal makes an interesting case study as it has one of the most vulnerable agricultural economies in South Asia. This paper develops a comparative static multi-household CGE model to trace the direct and indirect impacts of climate change in Nepal. The results suggest that climate change has a significant negative impact on the overall Nepalese economy due to the induced loss of agricultural productivity. The results further reveal that rural households in Nepal, whose livelihoods primarily depend on subsistence farming, will face additional climate change–induced stresses due to already overstrained poverty and a weak social welfare system. The results indicate an urgent need to mainstream adaptation strategies to lessen the negative impacts of any climate change–induced loss of agricultural productivity in Nepal.     

我国省域全要素碳排放绩效比较研究——基于Malmquist指数分解方法

利用基于DEA的Malmquist指数分解方法,将碳排放绩效纳入全要素分析框架中,对2002—2009年我国29个省区的碳排放绩效进行比较,并分析了全国及东、中、西部地区碳排放绩效的变化规律。实证研究结果显示:"十一五"期间我国碳排放绩效出现了显著提升;三大地区的碳排放绩效存在较大差异,总体呈东高西低的局面;技术进步是东部地区碳排放绩效提高的主要驱动力,中、西部地区碳排放绩效的提升依赖于技术效率的提升,且中部地区的进步速度最显著;大部分省份碳排放绩效的提升依赖于技术效率的提高,技术进步的贡献率还较低,这不利于实现可持续性的低碳发展。     

Probabilistic temperature change projections and energy system implications of greenhouse gas emission scenarios

This paper explores the implications for global average temperature change of a set of reference and mitigation scenarios in a probabilistic framework. First, we use published probability density functions for climate sensitivity to investigate the likelihood of achieving targets expressed as levels or rates of global average temperature change. We find, for example, that limiting warming to 3 C above pre-industrial levels with at least a medium likelihood requires cumulative emissions reductions on the order of 30-60% below one unmitigated reference scenario by 2100, while a more favorable baseline scenario requires no reductions at all to achieve this outcome with the same likelihood. We further conclude that the rate of temperature change may prove to be more difficult to control, especially if most of the mitigation effort is postponed until later in the century. Rate of change targets of 0.1–0.2 °C/decade are unlikely to be achieved by a target for the long-term level of climate change alone. Second, we quantify relationships between mitigation costs and the likelihood of achieving various targets and show how this depends strongly on the reference scenario. Third, we explore relationships between medium-term achievements and long-term climate change outcomes. Our results suggest that atmospheric concentrations and the share of zero-carbon energy in the middle of the 21st century are key indicators of the likelihood of meeting long-term climate change goals cost-effectively. They also suggest that interim targets could be an effective means of keeping long-term target options open. Our analysis shows that least-cost mitigation strategies for reaching low climate change targets include a wide portfolio of reduction measures. In particular, fundamental long-term structural changes in the energy system in these scenarios are a necessary but not sufficient condition to achieve high likelihoods for low temperature targets. The cost-effective portfolio of emissions reductions must also address demand-side measures and include mitigation options in the industry, agriculture, and the forest sector.     

Identification of national priority areas for adaptation to climate change in China

The problem of global warming has been identified as the first in the list of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will seriously affect the social and natural world that people live in, so it may lay serious repercussions on economic progress, social improvement, and sustainable development. International bodies everywhere and many of the countries＇ governments are responding urgently to this call In recent years, climate change has affected different regions in China in different ways. In its national agenda, the Chinese government should address the problem of climate change and its negative impact on socio-economic development. In this endeavor the nation should introduce policies which will help its people and economy to adapt to these effects and changes. Priority-fields of adaptation to climate change are the sensitive areas or departments which are more vulnerable to the negative influences of climate change. The negative impacts of climate change in some parts of China are considered to be very serious indeed as they affect the whole economy and community. As a result, priority should be given to these more affected regions for the limited state financing. This paper defines adaptation and discusses the basic principles and programs in the identi.fication of national priority areas where adaptation should be exercised. Based on the past studies, four priority areas in China are identified, namely, disaster prevention and mitigation, water resources, agriculture, and ecosystem. An analysis on the identification procedures, and the reasons and tasks involved are given for each.