Public support effect on natural disaster management: A case study of ice storms in forests in Slovenia

In the last decade Slovenia has experienced more frequent natural disasters in forests. The most severe and widespread one that affected Slovenian forests, which cover more than a half of Slovenian territory, was a large-scale ice storm in early February 2014. This study aims to investigate the effect of the public support on the recovery of forest farms affected by the 2014 ice storm. Analyses focus particularly on the ability of Slovenian forest farms’ income recovery in a short-time period. The economic resilience of forest farms in the absence of forest disaster payments due to the absence of legal certainty for disaster aid in 2014 and 2015 provides an interesting framework for identifying the income effect of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments. The Farm Accountancy Data Network has been used with applied statistical and regression methods to estimate the public support effect on selected woodland area size samples. Results suggest a positive effect of CAP payments on farm income recovery. The magnitude of the effect is high and significant for the less favoured area and disaster payments that were given for farm production loss in the 2013 drought. Although the magnitude of the effect is weak, investment payments show a significant positive effect on farm income recovery for all studied forest farm samples.     

遂昌县推进公益林补偿收益权质押融资的措施及对策

为持续深化集体林权制度改革、农村金融改革和林权融资创新机制,遂昌县制订了推进公益林补偿收益权质押融资工作的意见,探索推广公益林补偿收益权质押融资模式,大力创新公益林收益权管理机制,有效缓解了"三农"融资难题,支持林农创业,促进林业经济发展,拓宽农村集体经济组织与农户融资渠道,助推"三农"发展。     

Safeguarding species richness vs. increasing the use of renewable energy—The effect of stump harvesting on two environmental goals

Deadwood is recognized as one of the most important resources affecting forest biodiversity. Its absence from the forest landscape is, therefore, of concern, such that one official Swedish environmental objective is to increase the volume of deadwood. However, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, another environmental goal, is likely to work against this biodiversity objective. In this study we utilize a regional economic forest sector model, focusing on northern Sweden, in order to estimate the effect of a large scale introduction of stump harvest on the future use of forest fuel. In addition, an ecological model, describing the relationship between the availability of stumps and the abundance of saproxylic beetles, is linked to the economic model.The parameters used in the economic model are derived from a data set spanning 28 years while the ecological model is derived from a survey of ten clear cuts, undertaken seven years after the clear cutting, in order to investigate the abundance of saproxylic beetles in stumps. We simulate the effects of an increased demand for wood fuels in northern Sweden, with or without stump harvest. The two scenarios have different effects on all major round wood markets in the region, as well as on the abundance of saproxylic beetles. More specifically, the harvest of stumps is associated with a 5% reduction in the mean abundance of saproxylic beetles living in deadwood on future clear cuts and a 3% increase in the use of renewable energy recourses in heating plants.     

林产品进口贸易与环境保护问题研究

在目前已有对森林资源环境效益评价基础上,通过探讨林产品进口贸易与环境保护的关系,考虑不同木质林产品生产加工过程中对环境的影响,根据中国进口林产品的进口来源,指出了中国林产品进口贸易的环境影响以及非法木材贸易对环境的破坏。结果表明:国际上对中国大量进口木材的指责缺乏依据;对世界和中国来说,共同开发森林资源,打击非法木材采伐与贸易,中国大力发展可替代产品,走林业可持续发展之路,是双赢的必然选择。     

黑龙江森林认证的实施效果与保障措施分析

分析黑龙江森林认证的发展现状和实施效果,尤其是穆棱、友好等林业局通过森林认证后,在林区经济、社会、环境等方面取得的成效,提出黑龙江森林认证发展必须建立认证法律政策框架,制定产品公共采购政策的六项保障措施。     

Land use and income diversification: comparing traditional and colonist populations in the Brazilian Amazon

This article compares and analyzes land use and income diversification among two distinct groups of farmers in the Brazilian Amazon: recent colonists in Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, and traditional long‐term residents along the Tapajós River, Pará. We investigate the hypothesis that farmers who diversify their cash income sources clear less forest on an annual basis, and we compare these livelihood choices across colonist and traditional populations. In particular, we develop a conceptual model based on the household production framework and use econometric models to identify determinants of diversification and forest clearing. We find that diversification of agricultural cash crops is negatively correlated with forest clearing by colonists, providing limited evidence for the hypothesis. Other significant covariates of diversification and forest clearing include cash income levels, stage in family life cycle, cattle ownership, and chemical inputs. Differences in these variables, and differences in household response to these variables, explain variation in diversification and forest clearing across the two populations.     

基于IRF与VD的黑龙江国有林区林业经济带动效果研究

随着天保工程和国有林区商业性禁伐的全面展开,黑龙江国有林区林业经济的发展急需转型。由于不同林业产业对其他林业产业的带动作用不尽相同,可以从动态内生增长的角度运用脉冲响应函数(IRF)和方差分解(VD)来分析主要林业产业对林业经济增长的带动效果。研究结果表明:现阶段黑龙江国有林区主要林业产业对其他林业产业带动作用的大小顺序依次为木材加工及竹藤棕苇制品制造、木材采运、经济林产品的种植与采集、森林旅游与休闲服务、林木的培养和种植,随着林业经济的转型升级,森林旅游与休闲服务和经济林产品的种植与采集的带动作用将逐步增强,并且形成多元化林业主导产业格局。基于研究,提出优化林业产业结构,加速林业经济转型;促进林产品深加工,打造全国知名品牌;依托森林资源优势,发展森林生态旅游等建议。     

Amenity values and payment schemes for free recreation services from non-industrial private forest properties: A French case study

Free-access recreation on private forest property is gaining in importance with the increasing social demand for forest-based recreation. The amended French Forest Law of 2001 provides for schemes with a voluntary contract, in terms of which private forest owners are paid to maintain an open-access forest for nature-based recreational activities, which are largely public goods. The main objective of this paper is to analyze private forest landowners’ commitment to free-access recreation services on their properties. We develop a framework to estimate their willingness-to-accept (WTA) values as a measure of the financial compensation that they expect in exchange of reduced forest amenity values due to a public recreation use management plan. Since forest holdings are permanently exposed to several types of risk, the willingness-to-accept measure is defined within a subjective expected utility modeling approach. Our empirical analysis draws on data from a contingent valuation design carried out in 2006 in the Landes district in France. The empirical distribution of the subjective probability of fire risk is deduced from the forest owners’ perception of fire risks due to free recreation use. We then introduce our measurements of the fire risk as explanatory variables of the forest owners’ financial compensation requirements.     

Quantitative micro-scale flood risk assessment in a section of the Trotuș River,Romania

This paper focuses on the estimation of direct damages caused by three flood scenarios with different return periods in the section Făgetul de Sus – Ghimeş – Palanca Pass of Trotuș River, with the aim of highlighting the need of improved land use plans. The damage for three land use classes (residential building, infrastructure and agriculture) were estimated using the damage curves developed by the European Joint Research Centre (JRC) as well as site specific maximum damage values. The data were processed with the help of the ArcMap 10.2 software and FloodRisk tool from QGIS software. Furthermore, the flood risk was assessed using the damage – probability curves, which associates the damage with the corresponding frequency of occurrence. This method was identified and adapted to the characteristics of the study area in order to develop a methodology of flood risk assessment that is answering the question: does the lack of land use plans increase the vulnerability and the flood damage? The results showed that the greatest damages are registered for the residential building land use class for a flood probability of 0.001. In this case the damages reach up to 60% on the scale range of deterioration factor, the total damage value being 2 million euros. For the same hazard probability the total registered damage value for roads is 7500 euro, for railways is around 12,000 euro, while for agriculture is around 84,000 euro. These results highlight the need of protection measures and land use plans development and implementation. Regarding the protection measures we consider that the egalitarianism would be the concept that should be applied in the study area and also an improved cooperation between government, specialized agencies and local authorities at local level would lead to a more efficient flood risk management process. The proposed methodology can be applied for micro-scale analysis, providing quantitative results regarding the flood damage and flood risk assessment. It includes a detailed vulnerability analysis of the elements-at-risk with the aim of developing a more comprehensive approach of flood risk assessment.     

Estimating the social welfare effects of New Zealand apple imports

International trade of agricultural products not only generates wealth but is also responsible for the introduction of invasive pests beyond their natural range. Comprehensive bioeconomic modelling frameworks are increasingly needed to assist in the resolution of import access disputes. However, frameworks that combine welfare analysis attributable to trade and invasive species spread management are lacking. This study provides a demonstration of how a comprehensive economic framework, which takes into account both the gains from trade and the costs of invasive species outbreaks, can inform decision‐makers when making quarantine decisions. We develop a partial equilibrium trade model considering international trade and combine it with a stratified dispersal model for the spread and management of potential outbreaks of an invasive species. An empirical estimation is made of the economic welfare consequences for Australia of allowing quarantine‐restricted trade in New Zealand apples to take place. The results suggest the returns to Australian society from importing New Zealand apples are likely to be negative. The price differential between the landed product with SPS measures in place and the autarkic price is insufficient to outweigh the increase in expected damage resulting from increased fire blight risk. As a consequence, this empirical analysis does not support the opening up of this trade.     

Integrated planning for landscape diversity enhancement,fire hazard mitigation and forest production regulation: A case study in central Portugal

Forest fires and forest biodiversity are related issues of major concern in Mediterranean countries and require an integrated approach to landscape planning. The aim of this study was to develop a GIS approach for regulating forest production while promoting landscape diversity and mitigating fire hazard. A study area located in the centre of Portugal was chosen. The area was primarily occupied by maritime pine and had a high fire hazard, low tree species diversity and an extensive protection area. The classical area control method was used to assist in forest production regulation. Species suitability maps were produced for 21 recommended species for afforestation in the study area. Maritime pine management compartments were defined, and a 50-year harvesting plan was proposed. In each harvested compartment, protection areas were identified for species conversion (e.g., native oaks and/or broadleaves). Afforestation species were proposed according to the species suitability maps produced earlier. Low flammability species that produce high-quality wood, non-wood products and landscape enhancement were preferred. A comparison of the land cover in the study area in 2007 to that anticipated in 2064 via the proposed plan showed that a more fragmented landscape structure could be achieved by introducing 16 species of lower flammability than maritime pine into the study area. This study proved the usefulness of this methodological approach for guiding sustainable changes in homogeneous, unmanaged forest landscapes prone to fire. Further research is needed regarding integrated planning approaches that incorporate environmental, economic and social dimensions (e.g., human desertification of rural areas).     

From coping to adaptation to economic and institutional change – Trajectories of change in land-use management and social organization in a Biosphere Reserve community,Mexico

Smallholder farming communities are increasingly affected by local impacts of international market dynamics, and (inter)governmental economic and nature conservation policies to which they respond through coping or adaptation. Although the attributes that underpin the capacity to adapt are widely agreed upon in literature, empirical evidence on how rural communities can develop adaptations are still scarce. Here, we provide such evidence based on a comprehensive driver-response reconstruction of a community in the buffer-zone of a Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. We found that coping (between 1990 and 2000) was gradually replaced by adaptations (1995–2010) based on: (i) diversification of land-use, (ii) improved social organization, (iii) improved communal decision-making, and (iv) more sustainable forms of land management. The diversification of local farming systems through inclusion of organic forest-based palm and coffee cultivation and the establishment of associated organizations, formed the basis of these changes. These adaptations were mainly supported by improved social, institutional and political capital. Communal forest resources, long-term support of an NGO and a highly motivated population, were essential circumstances that allowed these trajectories to develop. However, current unequal land and power distribution could undermine and debilitate adaptive capacity. Communities and supportive organizations need to be aware and capable to adjust continuously to prevent today's adaptation strategies from becoming tomorrow's coping responses.     

Employing resilience in the United States Forest Service

The concept of resilience has permeated the discourse of many land use and environmental agencies in an attempt to articulate how to develop and implement policies concerned with the social and ecological dimensions of natural disturbances. Several distinct definitions of resilience exist, each with its own concepts, focus and contexts related to land use policy and management. This often makes understanding the inherent objectives of policies and related principles challenging. The United States Forest Service (USFS) is one example where ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding the use of resilience permeates the content of documents in various areas of the agency. The objective of this paper is to investigate how the USFS employs the term resilience as a means to communicate strategies for managing forest lands. We perform a content analysis of 121 USFS documents including budgetary justification reports, research findings (i.e., journal articles, book chapters and technical reports), public releases, and newsletters to analyze both the rise and specific use of the term resilience in the USFS. Our analysis, which is guided by definitions of resilience in the social-ecological systems literature, reveals that the ambiguity surrounding the use of resilience in the academic literature is reflected in the content of USFS documents. However, we also find that often criticized versions of resilience (namely engineering resilience) are minimally employed by the USFS, and instead the agency focuses on the notion of ecological resilience in which natural disturbances are seen as an important component of the landscape. In some cases, the USFS employs notions of social-ecological resilience, however, the extent to which specific components of social-ecological resilience are integrated into management strategies appears minimal. The findings from this study suggest that clarity regarding the type and function of resilience needs to improve in USFS documents, and that the agency should evaluate the existing question in the SES literature of resilience of what to what?     

粮食主产区农业韧性的空间差异及影响因素

目的 提升粮食主产区的农业韧性是保障国家粮食安全的重要基础。方法 文章基于2011—2020年粮食主产区的数据,构建农业韧性综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法对农业韧性进行综合评价,结合Dagum基尼系数及其子群分解法分析农业韧性的空间差异,并使用地理探测器来识别农业韧性的影响因素。结果 （1）从整体来看,粮食主产区农业韧性整体呈上升趋势,各地的农业韧性均得到了较大的提升。（2）从空间差异来看,粮食主产区整体空间差异性较小,农业韧性差距主要来源于区域间的差异。其中,东北地区和各区域的农业韧性差距仍然较大,其余地区间的农业韧性差距在逐渐缩小。（3）从影响因素来看,地区市场规模、创新水平、普惠金融水平是影响农业韧性的重要因素,同时三者的交互作用会增加其对农业韧性的解释力。另外,基础设施水平、产业结构水平、与生态环境建设对农业韧性存在一定影响,地区经济水平对农业韧性的影响较弱。结论 为提升粮食主产区农业韧性,基于异质性特征,应统筹各区协调发展,充分发挥内生动力增强农业韧性。     

林权制度改革后林农林业生产决策分析——基于进化博弈理论视角

运用2×2"鹰鸽"对称博弈模型,分析中国集体林权制度改革后林农林业生产决策的博弈过程。源于林业经济利益的驱动,群体中的林农会通过学习、模仿逐渐改变行为策略,林农进行林业生产和非林生产的动态均衡比例取决于2种行为的收益比例。建议政府要保障林农能够及时获取采伐指标或给予相应的经济补偿,加快林权制度配套改革,让林农形成稳定的经济收益预期,以实现林权制度改革的有效性。     

江苏省城市洪涝韧性评价及影响因素研究

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架,构建城市洪涝韧性评价指标体系,并运用基于实数编码加速遗传算法的投影寻踪模型(RAGA-PP)和灰色关联度分析法对江苏省各市洪涝韧性进行总体评价及影响因素分析。结果表明:13个地级市城市洪涝韧性指数由大到小排序依次为南京、苏州、无锡、常州、南通、镇江、徐州、泰州、扬州、连云港、淮安、盐城、宿迁;江苏省城市洪涝韧性呈现明显的两极分化趋势,苏南优于苏北;防汛物资储备调拨能力、公众灾害应急意识、居民人均可支配收入、第三产业占比、人均地区生产总值、排水管网长度和高等院校毕业生数等指标对城市洪涝韧性影响较大。     

The River agreement in Italy. Resilient planning for the co-evolution of communities and landscapes

According to the “evolutionary” approach (Davoudi & Al., 2012), urban resilience implies that urban systems have capacity to react to several external disturbances - economic, social, environmental - regarding all components of urban governance and transforming itself in a new development model.River basins are considered an interesting space for experimental workshop on resilience, as a driver of territorial policy, for ordinary communities and landscapes, where the relationship between the sustainable use of territorial resources could led to new territorial strategies, as well as “promote managements synergies” at different levels of regional and local planning.River Agreements (RA) appear as an innovative governance method which can help in the drafting of potential plans and practices for the development of resilience in fluvial territories. It is a form of negotiated planning, that helps to involve social actors in order to: improve people’s knowledge of current territorial conditions and the effects of human activities; increase social awareness; include society in the identification and implementation of solutions; to encourage innovative changes in planning objectives and urban and architectural design, starting with the legal and planning framework of an Action Plan. Starting from the ‘80 s, RA were experimentally tested in Belgium and France and currently widespread also in Italy. In Piedmont Region (Italy), it is recognized as a successful territorial governance tool used to define shared strategies, measures, rules and projects. We will present the case study of the Sangone River Agreement as the first participate planning and design experience in Piedmont signed by local actors.     

林业企业实施森林认证的成本效益分析

鉴于森林认证的迅速发展以及在中国的起步态势,通过构建林业企业实施森林认证的成本效益量化分析模型对林业企业实施森林认证的成本效益进行分析。分析表明林业企业实施森林认证的综合效益的均衡值是存在的,森林认证机构、政府及林业行政部门应加快整顿市场经济秩序,林业企业实施森林认证后,在开发中必须要从全局出发,从整体上把握好森林资源开发的经济阈值和生态阈值,进一步提升林业企业实施森林认证的生态经济效应。     

江西木材产业发展及政策启示

长期以来,江西森林资源主要是以发挥生态效益为主,而体现经济效益的产业发展相对不足。为了转变江西林业的经济增长模式,充分发挥森林资源禀赋优势,江西省近年来开始注重林业产业,尤其是木材产业的发展。回顾江西木材产业发展现状,分别从政策支持、林权制度改革和龙头企业培育三个方面总结了江西省木材产业的发展经验,并通过存在问题的剖析,为政策制定或调整提供相关启示。