从农业合作化到家庭联产承包责任制的进步

20世纪50年代农业合作化运动经历了互助组、初级社、高级社的发展过程.其中互助组与初级社是成功的,高级社却为中国农业发展带来了巨大创伤.改革开放以后,广大农民经过探索创造了家庭联产承包责任制,它与50年代的农业合作化有很大区别,为农民带来很大利益.但是在新的形势下它也面对新的问题,广大农民在继续探索下找到了解决问题的适当方法,即农业产业化.     

Implications of rural settlement patterns for development: A historical case study in Qaukeni,Eastern Cape,South Africa

Successive administrative policies, overlaid on the traditional communal land tenure system in the Qaukeni area of the Eastern Cape, have had the effect of tying people to the land and creating an environment that severely constrains opportunities for development. This article traces the influence of administrative changes on land allocation over the last century. It assesses the impact of the settlement pattern in the early 1980s on accessibility to basic facilities, services and development opportunities. In view of the severe conditions in the study area (internal push factors), coupled with reduced restrictions on movement to South African cities and a general urbanisation trend (external pull factors), population movements could have been expected both out of the region and to more accessible places within it. Primary research, using districts and administrative areas as the units of analysis, revealed that few of the expected changes had occurred in the period between 1982 and 1993. However, recent evidence shows that several of the anticipated changes are taking place. The article concludes that, notwithstanding recent trends, a combination of the land tenure system (in both rural and urban areas), a variety of place-related factors in rural areas, together with risk-spreading strategies on the part of households, continue to exert a strong influence in keeping people on the land, even though their existence is not subsistence based, but linked to the urban economy.     

The basic needs approach to development: The question of education for black people in Natal 1

Schooling is an important facet of the basic needs approach to development. Higher education has been shown to influence a decrease in both the infant mortality rate and the fertility rate, and furthermore appears to influence an individual's access to more remunerative employment. The provision of schools for black people in Natal by the Department of Education and Training (DET) is still far from adequate for all children of school‐going age. Moreover, in many areas, particularly rural areas and for levels above Junior primary, distances are too great for the children readily to be able to attend school. Particular problems which require confronting are farm schools (the location of which is not determined by DET and which are not always open to all neighbouring children): the inadequacy of secondary schooling in many census districts and in most rural areas; and the spatial fragmentation of Natal KwaZulu.     

对可扩展商业报告语言及相关问题的探讨

20世纪90年代后期,国际上关于网络财务报告的研究更多地集中于XBRL.XBRL具有无许可限制、跨平台使用、多格式输出、搜索准确等优势,所以迅速的在世界各国传播和发展.它的应用范围也日渐广泛,并逐步渗透到财务报告的编制、报送以及审计等各个环节.在我国,XBRL的研究和应用早已开始.但还需要在很多方面加以改进.     

环渤海经济开放区经济发展的要素互动模式、机制分析

进入21世纪以来,中国的经济实现了突飞猛进的发展,但是,环渤海经济开放区经济在不断发展的过程中,也出现了严重的问题,环渤海经济开放区经济发展不平衡就是其主要问题之一,究其原因有很多,本文主要从经济开放区域要素的互动模式、机制与途径方面进行分析,为环渤海经济开放区实现区域经济平衡发展提供科学的建议。     

Conservation of natural resources and rural development: The work of the Institute of Natural Resources

The concept of the Institute of Natural Resources, attached to the University of Natal but funded largely by the private sector, is the only one of its kind in Africa. Its services are seen as being vitally important and urgently needed. Through its endeavours greater awareness has been created that the African rural areas require urgent rehabilitation and development.

Through its various research programmes and practical rural development projects, the Institute is involved in land capability analysis in various parts of KwaZulu, and in formulating sustainable land use strategies which emphasize job creation and food production while conserving natural resources and reclaiming those areas in danger of ecological collapse.

In conjunction with this research and practical work, attention is being given to the establishment of a computer‐based geographic information system, promotion of public awareness of the socio‐economic and environmental problems facing Natal/KwaZulu, and assistance with the co‐ordination of planning in the region.     

Communities,institutions and natural resources: An assessment of case‐studies from KwaZulu Natal

This article describes three community‐based organisations (CBOs) that were established to protect natural resources in parts of KwaZulu Natal. The object is to determine why some CBOs are more successful than others. The case‐studies (Dukuduku Forest, Shongweni Resources Reserve and Thukela Biosphere Reserve) are analysed and compared using criteria suggested by the theory of institutional economics. It is concluded that the rural poor are unlikely to comply with rules restricting their access to natural resources unless the benefits are obvious. Creating appropriate management institutions is a necessary first step, but it may also be necessary to subsidise their enforcement costs and development programmes.     

Agricultural reconstruction in a consumer society: The Mboza Village project 1

While this paper draws upon research conducted in northern Natal, it has general relevance for rural development debates in South Africa today. The authors argue that it is imperative that agricultural development be located within the context of socio‐economic factors that prescribe relations of consumption and development of labour supply. Agricultural performance and the potential for agricultural development should be assessed within the context of the interrelationship between different spheres of economic exchange as well as the differential management of risk within a narrow range of marginal economic options. Serious attention should be given to the structural causes of rural poverty and the high social and economic costs associated with rural life in South Africa. Such issues are not necessarily addressed in attempts to increase rural productivity through reforming indigenous land tenure systems.     

主体功能重点开发市域的功能区划及差异化土地政策研究——以湛江市为例

针对目前研究不足和主体功能背景下的地县层级空间功能区划的实践需要,以广东省湛江市为例,开展主体功能为重点开发的市域功能区划研究。在探讨基本思路与方法框架的基础上,从生态与农业约束、开发强度和开发潜力三个方面构建评价指标体系,采用主导因素评价和综合评价的方法,应用SPSS聚类分析,提出湛江市功能区划方案。最后,从各功能区定位出发,结合土地利用特点分析,提出针对性的土地利用政策建议。     

IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH IN AN ECONOMY WITH HIGH INEQUALITY

The economic growth of South Africa has been disappointing over the last quarter century. This note addresses a conceptual problem that arises because of composition effects. Two important features of the South African economy are, first, its extreme inequality (primarily between the white population and the African population). Additionally, the African population has been growing rapidly, while the white population has experienced a declining share. This note derives an explicit equation for the impact of inequality and population-growth differences on the growth of per capita GDP. It shows that the combination of divergent population growth and high inequality can lead to an apparent drag on measured economic growth even though the components, and a more adequate measure of economic welfare, are growing at a healthy rate.     

The frequency of wars: reply to Gleditsch and Pickering

We show that the frequency of bilateral militarized conflicts between independent states has indeed been rising steadily over the last century. We show that this finding is not driven by any selection bias in our data but a fact that needs to be explained. Finally we highlight our main contribution, namely that state formation and the capacity to fight are at the heart of the observed upward trend in conflicts.     

Re-forming urban regeneration? The practice and potential of English partnerships

English Partnerships has taken a central position in land regeneration and development. Ostensibly it has been allocated the resources, status and mechanisms to answer many of the criticisms that have been levelled at urban policy during the last decade. This paper looks at how the agency is pursuing its given role in the context of the changing features of urban regeneration, and what factors are determining its effectiveness.     

Constructing migration: Infrastructure,poverty and development in KwaZulu‐Natal

Migration and population movement are probably the most neglected of the significant dynamics behind rural poverty in South Africa. Little is known about how people move from place to place, and much of what we thought we knew may be incorrect. In KwaZulu‐Natal job search is no longer the single dominating reason given for migration. Instead, infrastructure ties with it for first place today, with land close behind. The first article in this two‐part report notes that as many as two thirds of the province's disadvantaged families have broken away from their communities of origin and moved at least once during their lifetimes. Perhaps three million have migrated in the last fifteen years. A second unexpected finding is the predominance of rural‐to‐rural migration. Three quarters of all moves recorded were rural to rural, with many orientated towards advantaged rural areas around small towns and secondary cities. Results show how streams are channelled towards poverty or opportunity, and argue for a review of prevailing concepts of rural‐urban relations which structure delivery efforts. The second article, to follow later, notes that recorded income levels are now higher in some rural destination areas than in the urban shack communities that accommodate rural‐to‐urban migrants. Results of various studies presented show how access to information affects migration patterns, and the article also explores the role of infrastructure as a determining force in the regional distribution of population and as a factor in people's own bootstrap anti‐poverty efforts.     

Racial bloc voting and political mobilization in South Carolina

Over the last quarter century, major changes in Southern social structure have been accompanied by more positive white attitudes on racial issues. Has voting behavior reflected these changes? The question has important consequences. The degree of racial bloc voting and political mobilization often determines outcomes not only of elections but also of voting rights lawsuits. Data from 130 black/white elections in South Carolina were used to determine rates of racial polarization and mobilization. Bloc voting remained high. Other variables had little explanatory power. Some secondary factors helped explain variations in the generally high levels of polarization by race.     

Accommodating a growing population in Javanese agriculture

An examination of how the island of Java, Indonesia, has accommodated population growth over the past 150 years by a process of agricultural development is presented. A brief review of the literature on the relationship between agricultural development and population growth is first provided. Next, the available data on land area, cultivated area, agricultural production, and employment in Java over the past century are reviewed. The relationship between agricultural development and population growth in Java is then analyzed in terms of the concepts and processes discussed in the theoretical literature.     

‘Undercultivation’ and intensification in the Transkei: a case study of historical changes in the use of arable land in Nompa,Shixini

The large areas of abandoned arable fields in the communal areas of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu‐Natal are often interpreted as evidence that rural people are no longer interested in farming and largely rely on off‐farm sources of income for their survival. However, this case study of land‐use practices in one village shows that farmers in the Transkeian coastal belt have not abandoned cultivation, but have shifted from the extensive cultivation of maize in distant fields to the intensive intercropping of maize and other food crops in fenced gardens adjacent to homesteads. Studies of yields from fields and gardens indicate that this has been an effective intensification strategy adopted by rural households to maintain yields in the face of shrinking resources and increasing risks. Evidence of changing land‐use practices is presented and the reasons for these changes identified and evaluated.     

现阶段我国农户投资趋减成因的探究

我国农业自90年代中期进入以市场需求约束新阶段后,作为农业投资重要主体的农户,受产业特质、劳务收入、土地制度、劳动者素质等多种因素影响,出现了对农业投资减少的趋势,影响了我国农业经济的发展和农民生活水平的提高,本文从我国农户投资趋势减缓成因及调整农业发展政策等方面,指出提高农户投资热情的对策建议。     

Globalization

Globalization-the integration of the world economy-has ebbedand flowed over the twentieth century. This paper surveys thevarying flows of goods, people, and capital around the world.It asks also about the flow of information across national boundariesand the flows of all these various commodities and factors withincountries. Goods, people, and capital flowed easily in much,but not all, of the world both at the beginning and end of thecentury, but not very well for many of the intervening years.Knowledge flows and the integration of domestic and foreignactivity have increased greatly over time. The problem for thefuture is not whether to have globalization, but how to manageit.     

The landlord lag – productivity on peasant farms and landlord demesnes during the agricultural revolution in Sweden 1700–1860

In a longstanding debate among economic historians about the role of the peasants and the manors in the agrarian transformation, a variety of qualitative and quantitative indicators have been used, but no one has until now been able to compare the actual production outcomes. In this paper, we investigate the land productivity development for manorial demesnes and peasant farmers, respectively, over the course of the agricultural revolution. The sources used are unique in an international perspective and consists of tithes on individual farm level for 34 parishes in Scania, covering over 2500 peasant farms, which are compared with production data for 20 manorial demesnes.

The study generates vital information on the process of agricultural transformation and its leading actors. We assess the implications of the productivity development for the total production, and the spectacular growth in this under the agricultural revolution, by calculating production and surplus among the different types of cultivators. Our results show that the landlords gained a small advantage in the middle of the 1700s, but in the century to come, they lagged behind in terms of land productivity. A large peasantry cultivating the majority of the land did not constitute an obstacle to growth, but rather the reverse.     

广西北部湾经济区海陆一体化发展的对策研究

21世纪是人类全面认识、开发、利用和保护海洋的新世纪,也是充分重视和提倡科学发展观、构建和谐社会的新世纪。在西部大开发中北部湾经济区海陆一体化发展具有凸显优势,发展海洋经济必须同时注重区域社会的协调发展,"以人为本"的和谐社会构建是我国社会主义建设的终极目标。为此,加快推进北部湾海洋经济与社会协调发展的对策研究是非常必要的。